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Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Where os the extracellular fluid in the body found

A

In plasma and insterstital fluid

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2
Q

Where is blood found

A

Capillaries
Peripheral arteries
Heart and lungs
Peripheral veins

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3
Q

What is blood made up of

A

Formed elements and plasma

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4
Q

What is plasma composed of

A

Water, proteins, nutrients and salts

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5
Q

How can blood be separated

A

By being spun in a centrifuge

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6
Q

What is serum

A

The fluid left after clotting factors have been removed from the blood

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7
Q

What are the proteins found in the blood

A

Serum albumin, clotting factors and complement components

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8
Q

Where are the proteins found in blood made

A

The liver

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9
Q

Role of albumin

A

Maintaining osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What are erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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11
Q

Why are mature RBCs not true cell

A

They contain no organelles or nucleus

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12
Q

What is 1/3rd of the volume of RBCs taken up by

A

Haemoglobin

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13
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

An iron-containing protein

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14
Q

What allows RBCs to deform

A

They contain a network of flexible cytoskeletal elements

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15
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin

A

To pick up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to the tissues of the body

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16
Q

Haemoglobin + oxygen =

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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17
Q

How is CO2 transported

A

Dissolved in the plasma and some bound to haemoglobin

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18
Q

How are aged RBCs removed

A

By the liver and spleen

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19
Q

What is a stack of RBCs called and what can it indicate

A

Rouleau and can indicate disease

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20
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Basophils
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21
Q

What are neutophils

A

Granulocytes

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22
Q

What does the cytoplasm of neutrophils contain

A

Granules

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23
Q

What is the other name for neutrophils and why

A

Polymonphonuclear leukyoctes and due to their prominent, multi-lobed nucleus

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24
Q

Function of neutophils

A

Stimulated by bacteria or inflammation to become highly motile phagocytes that ingest bacteria or damaged cells

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25
Q

What is within the granules of neutrophils

A

Numerous enzymes and microbial agents

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26
Q

Where are Es released from

A

The bone marrow

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27
Q

What is the path of Es

A

They circulate in the blood and then move into a tissue where they will live

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28
Q

What are the most common organs for Es to live in

A

Spleen, lymph node and GI tract

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29
Q

Nucleus of Es

A

Bilobed

30
Q

What do Es contains

A

Variety of hydrolytic enzymes and have a variety of surface receptors

31
Q

Function of Es

A

Inducting and maintaining inflammation

Important in fighting parasitic infection

32
Q

Nucleus of B

A

Bilobed but often obscured by granules

33
Q

What do granules in Bs contain

A

Histomine, heparin and inflammatory mediators

34
Q

Function of Bs

A

Effector cells in allergic reactions

35
Q

What cells are Bs similar to

A

Mast cells

36
Q

What do the granules of mast cells contain

A

Heparin and histamie

37
Q

What cell receptors do Bs and mast cells have

A

IgE receptors

38
Q

What do both Bs and mast cells participate in

A

Immediate hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions

39
Q

Where are Ms found

A

In the bone marrow and blood

40
Q

What are Ms

A

The precursors to tissue macrophages

41
Q

What do Ms and macrophages form

A

The mononuclear phagocyte system

42
Q

Where are macrophages mostly found

A

In loose connective tisse

43
Q

Nucleus of macrophages

A

Non-lobulated nucleus

44
Q

What are some resident macrophages

A

Kupffer cells - liver

Microglia - brain

45
Q

Nucleus of Ls

A

Round

46
Q

What are the two classes of L

A

B cells and T cells

47
Q

Where do B and T cells arise

A

In the bone marrow

48
Q

Where do B and T cells mature

A

B - bone marrow

T - thymus

49
Q

What do B and T cells participate in

A

Specific immune response

50
Q

What do B cells give rise to

A

Antibody secreting plasma cells

51
Q

What do T cells form

A

A complex set of cells that perform many defence functions

52
Q

What are platelets

A

Small cell fragments

53
Q

Roles of platelets

A

Haemostasis, extrusion of granules and clot retraction

54
Q

Characteristics of platelets

A

Well developed cytoskeleton, mitochondria, occasional golgi and ribosomes, but no nuclues

55
Q

What do the granules within platelets include

A

Coagulation factors

56
Q

What do platelets induce the production of

A

Fibrin

57
Q

Sites of blood formation

A

Embryonic - liver and spleen
After birth - bone marrow
Mature skeleton - vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis and proximal femur

58
Q

What happens to the marrow in bones not producing blood cells

A

It becomes mostly adipose tissue

59
Q

What are totipotent stem cells

A

Can form all of the cell types of the adult plus and extra embryonic tissues

60
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells

A

Can give rise to all functional cell types

61
Q

What are multipotent stem cells

A

Give rise to restricted set of cell types

62
Q

What are committed progenerator cells

A

Can give rise to only one cell type

63
Q

What can all stem cells produce

A

Themselves

64
Q

Erythrocyte formation

A

Develop in the bone marrow from a stem cell
Mature through a series of steps that include the production of haemoglobin and extrusion of the nucleus
Cell is now a reticulocyte due to the RNA granules
Circulate in the blood stream for 1-2 days then RNA is lost
Mature RBC is now formed

65
Q

What are megakaryocytes

A

Giant cells found within the bone marrow

66
Q

What do megakaryocytes produce

A

Platelets

67
Q

What controls the production of blood cells

A

Hormones and growth factors

68
Q

What are some systemic actors controlling the production of blood cells

A

Interleukins and erythropoietin

69
Q

What produces interleukins

A

Leukocytes as well as other cells

70
Q

What produces erythropoietin

A

Kidney

71
Q

What are the stages of blood cell production

A

Proliferation, differentiation and maturation

72
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier induced by

A

Astrocytes

Histology (22 decks)

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