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Histology > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the ovary

A

Production of gametes and produce steroids

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2
Q

What steroids are produced by the ovaries

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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3
Q

Structure of the ovary

A

Made up of a cortex and medulla

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4
Q

What does the medulla form

A

The core of the organ

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5
Q

What does the medulla contain

A

Loose connective tissue, contorted arteries, veins and lymphatics

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6
Q

What is within the cortex

A

Scattered ovarian follices within a highly cellular connective tissue stroma

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7
Q

What is the outer shell of the cortex made up of

A

Dense connective tissue layer

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8
Q

What is the outer layer of the cortex known as

A

The tunica albuginea

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9
Q

What covers the tunica albuginea

A

Single layer of cuboidal cells called the germinal layer

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10
Q

What forms oogina

A

Germ cells from the yolk sac invading the ovaries and proliferating by mitosis

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11
Q

What do developed oogonia form

A

Mature oocytes

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12
Q

What is oogenesis

A

The development of oocytes from oogenia

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13
Q

What is folliculogenesis

A

The growth of the follicle

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14
Q

What does the follicle consist of

A

The oocyte and associated supporting cells

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15
Q

What is atresia

A

The loss of oogina and oocytes via an apoptosis-based process

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16
Q

What happens following cell death

A

The cell is reapsorbed

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17
Q

At what stage of meiosis do the oocytes halt at

A

Prophase I

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18
Q

If an oocytes fails to associate with pregranulosa cells what occurs

A

It will die

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19
Q

What shape are the inactive pregranulosa cells

A

Squamous

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20
Q

What happens to the shape of the pregranulosa cells when the follicles are active

A

Cuboidal

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21
Q

What defines the primary follicle

A

Cuboidal granulosa cells

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22
Q

What are the cuboidal gransulosa cells of the primary follicle known as

A

The zona granulosa

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23
Q

What cells associate outside the primary follicle

A

Stromal cells

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24
Q

What do the stromal cells go on to form

A

The theca folliculi

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25
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

A layer of specialised extracellular matrix between the oocyte and granulosa cells

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26
Q

What do the inner cells of the theca follicle form and how

A

The theca interna and by undergoing epitheloid transformation

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27
Q

What does the theca interna secrete

A

Oestrogen precursors

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28
Q

What converts the oestrogen precursor to oestrogen

A

Granulosa cells

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29
Q

What does the outer layer of the theca follicle form

A

The theca externa

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30
Q

What does the granulosa cell layer express

A

Receptors for follicle-stimulating hormones

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31
Q

What do the theca intera cells express

A

Receptors for lutenising hormone

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32
Q

What secretes lutenising hormone

A

The anterior pituitary

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33
Q

What is a major role of the follicle

A

Production of hormones

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34
Q

What does the theca interna produce

A

Androgens

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35
Q

What happens to the androgens

A

They diffuse across the basal lamina and are converted to oestrogen by the granulosa cells

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36
Q

As the follicle enlarges what space is formed

A

The antrum

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37
Q

What fluid fills the antrum

A

Follicular fluid

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38
Q

What are the largest antrum follicles called

A

Graafian follicles

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39
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus

A

The mound of cells extending from the wall of the follicle and surrounding the oocyte

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40
Q

What happens one day before ovulation

A

The oocyte in the largest graafian follicle will complete meiosis I

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41
Q

What is the polar body

A

The secondary nucleus from the end of meiosis I that is taken away to degenerate

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42
Q

When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis

A

When it is released and fertilised by a sperm

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43
Q

Prior to release the follicle creates a bulge in the ovary known as

A

Follicular stigma

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44
Q

What happens to the follicle after ovulation

A

It transforms into the corpus luteum

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45
Q

Once the follicle becomes the corpus luteum what are the theca and granulosa cells known as

A

The theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells

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46
Q

What do the theca lutein and granulosa lutein cells secrete

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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47
Q

What does the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone help with

A

The preparation of the uterus for implantation

48
Q

What occurs if no implantation occurs

A

The corpus luteum becomes a white coloured connective tissue called the corpus albicans

49
Q

What occurs if implantation occurs

A

The placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone levels

50
Q

What are the uterine tubes also known as

A

Oviducts or fallopian tubes

51
Q

Where does the infundibulum move to

A

The site where the follicle will rupture from the ovary

52
Q

What propells the ovum through the fallopian tubes

A

Gentle peristalsis and currents created by cilliated epithelium

53
Q

What do secretory cells in the fallopian tubes secrete

A

Nutrients

54
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur

A

In the ampulla

55
Q

Where is the fertilised ovum transported to

A

The uterus

56
Q

Structure of the mucous in the ampulla

A

Folded and lined by simple columnar epithelium with cilliated and secretory cells

57
Q

What surround the ampulla

A

Smooth muscle

58
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle coat the ampulla and isthmus

A

Ampulla - 2

Isthums - 3

59
Q

What is the endometrium

A

An inner secretory mucosa

60
Q

What makes up the endometrium

A

Tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue stroma

61
Q

What makes up the myometrium

A

3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue

62
Q

What is the perimetrium

A

An outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered my mesothelium

63
Q

What is the two layers of the endometrium

A

The stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

64
Q

What is the functionalis

A

It undergoes constant growth, loss and degeneration

65
Q

What is the function of basalis

A

To regenerate the functionalis

66
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase

A

The stratum basalis proliferates and glands, stroma and vasculature grow

67
Q

What lines the glands

A

Pseudostratified columnar epthlium

68
Q

When does the proliferative phase end

A

One day after ovulation

69
Q

What happens during the secretory phase

A

The glands become coiled and secrete glycogen

70
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase

A

Arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction, depriving the tissue of blood and causing ischemia, with resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and sloughing

71
Q

What is the cervix

A

A short cylinder with a small lumen that projects into the upper vagina

72
Q

What is the cervix made up of

A

Mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface and transitioning to mucous secreting simple columnar epithlieum

73
Q

What is the transitioning zone within the cervix known as

A

The squamocolumnar junction

74
Q

Characteristic of the mucous secreting epithelium

A

The canal is deeply furrowed, forming glands known as endocervical glands

75
Q

What is the secretion of the endocervical glands like in the proliferative phase

A

Watery and thin

76
Q

What is the secretion of the endocervical glands like after ovulation

A

Thick and viscous

77
Q

How many layers make up the vagina

A

4

78
Q

What are the layers of the vagina

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria
Fibromuscular layer
Adventitia

79
Q

What happens to the epithelial layer of the vagina during reproductive years

A

It is thicker and the cells are enlarged due to glycogen accumulation

80
Q

What is the composition of the lamina propria of the vagina

A

Connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin walled blood vessels

81
Q

What is the make up of the fibromuscular layer of the vagina

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

82
Q

What lubricates the wall of the vagina

A

Mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria

83
Q

What metabolises the glycogen and what does it become

A

The commensal bacteria and it becomes lactic acid

84
Q

What is the function of lactic acid within the vagina

A

The inhibition of the growth of pathogenic bacteria

85
Q

What is the mons pubis

A

Skin which contains highly oblique hair follicles, overlying a substantial subcutaneous fat pad which overlies the pubic symphysis

86
Q

What is the labia majora

A

An extension of the mons pubis

87
Q

Structure of the labia majora

A

Rich in aprocine sweat glands and sebaceous glands with bundles of smooth muscle

88
Q

Structure of the labia minora

A

Skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles, but are rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands

89
Q

What does the clitoris contain

A

Two tubes of erectile vascular tissue

90
Q

What covers the erectile tissue

A

A fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin with rich innervation and a thin epidermis

91
Q

What is the breast

A

A subcutaneous gland

92
Q

What gland are within the secretory tissue of the breast

A

Compound tubulo-acinar glands

93
Q

How do the glands of the breast get drained

A

Via a series of ducts leading to the nipple

94
Q

What is adjacent to the secretory tissue of the breast

A

Dense fibrous tissue, which is surrounded by adipose tissue

95
Q

What is within the fibrous connective tissue of the breats

A

Large condensations that extend from the dermis of the skin to the deep fascia of the overlying muscle - suspensory ligaments

96
Q

What is the basic secretory unit of the breast

A

The terminal duct lobular unit

97
Q

What duct leads to the nipple

A

The lactiferous duct

98
Q

What is found within the lobule of the breast

A

Extralobular and intralobular ducts, rudimentary secretory acini and dense fibrocollagenous connective tissue

99
Q

What of the secretory cells of the acini surrounded by

A

Myoepithelial cells

100
Q

What are myoepithelial cells

A

Contractile epithelial cells

101
Q

What lines the larger ducts of the breast

A

Thin stratified squamous to stratified cuboidal

102
Q

Structure of the nipple

A

Wrinkled surface covered by a thin, highly pigmented keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

103
Q

What comprises the core of the nipple

A

Dense irregular connective tissue mixed with bundles of smooth muscle

104
Q

Lining of the lactiferous duct

A

Near surface - stratified squamous
Deeper - stratified cuboidal epithelium
Deeper still - one cell thick lining

105
Q

When do changes in breast occurs

A

In the menstrual phase, luteal phase and during pregnancy

106
Q

Changes that occurs in the breast during luteal phase

A

The epithelial cells increase in height, the lamina of the ducts become enlarged and small amounts of secretions appear in the ducts

107
Q

Changes that occur in the first trimester of pregnancy in the breast

A

Elongation and branching of the smaller ducts, combined with proliferation of the epithelial cells of the glands and the myoepithelial cells

108
Q

Changes that occur in the breast in the second trimester

A

Glandular tissue continues to develop with differentiation of secretory alveoli

109
Q

Changes that occur in the breast in the third trimester

A

Secretory alveoli continue to mature, with development of extensive rER

110
Q

What does the presence of oestrogen and progesterone in pregnancy cause

A

Stimulate proliferation of secretory tissue and fibro-fatty tissue becomes sparse

111
Q

Composition of maternal milk

A

Water, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids - main components

Ions, vitamins and IgA antibodies - small quantities

112
Q

How are lipid droplets in milk secreted

A

They are surrounded by a membrane and carry a small amount of cytoplasm away - apocrine secretion

113
Q

How are proteins made and secreted

A

Made in the rER and packed in the golgi apparatus and secreted via vesicles which merge with the apical membrane to release their contents - merocrine secretion

114
Q

What happens following the menopause

A

The secretory cells of the tubular duct lobule units degenerate leaving only ducts

115
Q

What happens to the connective tissue after menopause

A

Fewer fibroblasts and reduce collagen and elastic fibres

Histology (22 decks)

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