Respiratory system Flashcards
Functions of the respiratory system
- Supplies oxygen to the blood for delivery to cells throughout the body
- Removes carbon dioxide that has accumulated in the blood from the tissue
- Phonation
- Olfaction
- Lungs function in blood pressure control via renin-agniotensin system
Nasal cavity provides an area for
Warming, moistening and filtering inspired air
What does the roof of the nasal cavity contain
Specialised olfactory epithelium
What is the name for the initial area of the nasal cavity
The vestibule
Epithelium lining of the vestibule
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
What happens to the epithelium deeper into the nasal cavity
The keratin is lost
What epithelium lines nearly all of the conducting part of the respiratory system
Respiratory epithelium
What is respiratory epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
What is located under the respiratory epithelium
Lamina propria
Make up of the lamina propria
A band of connective tissue containing seromucous glands and a rich venous plexus which can quickly engorge with blood to block the nose
What epithelium lines the oropharynx
Non-keraratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Composition of the walls of the larynx
Cartilage and muscle with respiratory epithelium lining everywhere bar the vocal folds
What epithelium covers the vocal folds
Stratified squamous epithelium
Characteristics of the trachea
- Contains C shaped cartilage rings
- Open side of cartilage ring is spanned by fibroelastic tissue and muscle
Walls of the tracheal
Respiratory epithelium backed by a basal lamina, a lamina propria of connective tissue with abundant elastic fibres and a submucosa of connective tissue that contain seromucous glands
How the the cartilage arranged in the bronchi
Irregularly shaped cartilage plates
The walls of the bronchus
Respiratory epithelium, a lamina propria, a muscularis containing a ring of smooth muscle and a submucosa with adipose tissue and seromucous glands
Bronchioles
- Lack cartilage and glands
- Contain a few goblet cells
- Epithelium becomes cuboidal
- Lamina propria is composed of smooth muscle and elastic and collagen fibres
What does the smooth muscle of the bronchioles respond to
Parasympathetic innervation, histamine and other factors
Terminal bronchioles
- Lined with cuboidal ciliated epithelium
- Contains non-cuboidal club cells
Roles of club cells
- Stem cells
- Detoxification
- Immune modulation
- Surfactant production
Alveoli
- Terminal portions of the bronchial tree
- Consist of type I and type I pneumonocytes
- Type I - simple squamous epithelium that provide minimal thickness that is permeable to gases
- Type II - cuboidal epithelium covered by microvilli that secretes surfactant
- Alveolar macrophages are free cells that ingest inhaled particles that have escaped entrapment of mucosal lining of respiratory tree
What permeates the septa of the alveoli
Capillary networks
What does the air-blood barrier consist of
Type I cells, endothelial cells, and the basal lamina of each
Make up of the visceral pleura
- Outer layer of squamous epithelium called mesothelium
- Backed by layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue
