Respiratory system

Question 1

Functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

• Supplies oxygen to the blood for delivery to cells throughout the body
• Removes carbon dioxide that has accumulated in the blood from the tissue
• Phonation
• Olfaction
• Lungs function in blood pressure control via renin-agniotensin system

Question 2

Nasal cavity provides an area for

Answer 2

Warming, moistening and filtering inspired air

Question 3

What does the roof of the nasal cavity contain

Answer 3

Specialised olfactory epithelium

Question 4

What is the name for the initial area of the nasal cavity

Answer 4

The vestibule

Question 5

Epithelium lining of the vestibule

Answer 5

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 6

What happens to the epithelium deeper into the nasal cavity

Answer 6

The keratin is lost

Question 7

What epithelium lines nearly all of the conducting part of the respiratory system

Answer 7

Respiratory epithelium

Question 8

What is respiratory epithelium

Answer 8

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 9

What is located under the respiratory epithelium

Answer 9

Lamina propria

Question 10

Make up of the lamina propria

Answer 10

A band of connective tissue containing seromucous glands and a rich venous plexus which can quickly engorge with blood to block the nose

Question 11

What epithelium lines the oropharynx

Answer 11

Non-keraratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 12

Composition of the walls of the larynx

Answer 12

Cartilage and muscle with respiratory epithelium lining everywhere bar the vocal folds

Question 13

What epithelium covers the vocal folds

Answer 13

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 14

Characteristics of the trachea

Answer 14

• Contains C shaped cartilage rings

- Open side of cartilage ring is spanned by fibroelastic tissue and muscle

Question 15

Walls of the tracheal

Answer 15

Respiratory epithelium backed by a basal lamina, a lamina propria of connective tissue with abundant elastic fibres and a submucosa of connective tissue that contain seromucous glands

Question 16

How the the cartilage arranged in the bronchi

Answer 16

Irregularly shaped cartilage plates

Question 17

The walls of the bronchus

Answer 17

Respiratory epithelium, a lamina propria, a muscularis containing a ring of smooth muscle and a submucosa with adipose tissue and seromucous glands

Question 18

Bronchioles

Answer 18

• Lack cartilage and glands
• Contain a few goblet cells
• Epithelium becomes cuboidal
• Lamina propria is composed of smooth muscle and elastic and collagen fibres

Question 19

What does the smooth muscle of the bronchioles respond to

Answer 19

Parasympathetic innervation, histamine and other factors

Question 20

Terminal bronchioles

Answer 20

• Lined with cuboidal ciliated epithelium

- Contains non-cuboidal club cells

Question 21

Roles of club cells

Answer 21

• Stem cells
• Detoxification
• Immune modulation
• Surfactant production

Question 22

Alveoli

Answer 22

• Terminal portions of the bronchial tree
• Consist of type I and type I pneumonocytes
• Type I - simple squamous epithelium that provide minimal thickness that is permeable to gases
• Type II - cuboidal epithelium covered by microvilli that secretes surfactant
• Alveolar macrophages are free cells that ingest inhaled particles that have escaped entrapment of mucosal lining of respiratory tree

Question 23

What permeates the septa of the alveoli

Answer 23

Capillary networks

Question 24

What does the air-blood barrier consist of

Answer 24

Type I cells, endothelial cells, and the basal lamina of each

Question 25

Make up of the visceral pleura

Answer 25

• Outer layer of squamous epithelium called mesothelium

- Backed by layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue