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Histology > Lymphoid Organs > Flashcards

Lymphoid Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system of humans lack

A

An immunological memory

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2
Q

What are the components of the innate immune system

A

Barriers against invasion, phagocytes, a cascade of plasma proteins that form an enzyme system and defends against bacteria and extracellular killers

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3
Q

Examples of extracellular killers

A

Lymphocytes and eosinophils

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4
Q

What is the major role high specificity adaptive immune system

A

Destruction

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5
Q

What must the immune system have the ability to do

A

Distinguish from self and non-self

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6
Q

What occurs when the immune system fails to distinguish between self and non-self

A

An autoimmune disease occurs

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7
Q

Characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

Slower to react, highly flexible, very specific, based on lymphocytes and a vast array of genetically determined cell surface receptors

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8
Q

What is the major role of the adaptive immune system

A

Destruction

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9
Q

What happens when the tolerance of lymphocytes breaks down

A

The immune system fails to distinguish between self and non-self

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10
Q

What are organs of the immune system known as

A

Lymphoid organs

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11
Q

How are lymph organs linked

A

By the blood vascular and lymphatic vascular systems

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12
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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13
Q

What do the primary lymphoid organs do

A

Sites of lymphocyte production and maturation

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14
Q

What are the secondary lymph organs

A

Spleen, lymph nodes and lymph nodules

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15
Q

What occurs within the secondary lymph organs

A

The lymphocytes migrate to these organs and aggregate in large numbers

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16
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes

A

B cells, T cells and natural killer cells

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17
Q

What do B cells produce

A

Antibodies

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18
Q

What do T cells participate in

A

Cellular immunity

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19
Q

What are the three forms of T cells

A

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells

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20
Q

Function of natural killer cells

A

Kill virus infected cells and some tumour cells

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21
Q

How are cells of the immune system identified

A

Using immunohistochemistry

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22
Q

Where are B and T cells produced

A

In the bone marrow

23
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

In the mediastinum

24
Q

What subdivides the thymus

A

Septa

25
Q

Structure of the lobules of the thymus

A

Highly cellular outer cortex and a less cellular inner medulla

26
Q

What is contained within the cortex of the thymus

A

Large number of T cells, epithelioreticular cells and macrophages

27
Q

What does the medulla of the thymus contain

A

Fewer T cells that are less tightly packed and larger and epithelioreticular cells

28
Q

What part of the thymus are the immature T cells found

A

Cortex

29
Q

What process do the immature T cells go through

A

Proliferation, maturation and a selection process

30
Q

What occurs to the T cells that fail the processes

A

They undergo apoptosis and are phagocytosed by macrophages

31
Q

What happens to T cells that survive

A

They enter the medulla and interact with the epithelioreticular cells and present self antigens

32
Q

What are the whorls of epithelial cells found in the medulla of the thymus called and what else do they contain

A

Hassall’s corpsucles and keratin

33
Q

What does the system of lymphatic vessels and accociated lymph nodes allow

A

The drainage of lymph into the vascular system, surveillance of tissue for signs of antigens and the delivery of absorbed fats from the small intestine

34
Q

Structure of lymphatic vessels

A

Thin walled, lined by endothelium and anchored to the tissue by filaments

35
Q

Areas of clusters of lymph nodes

A

Neck, axilla and groin

36
Q

How do lymphocytes enter the lymph node

A

Via the incoming lymph or the blood stream

37
Q

What are the circular aggregations with the lymph node known as and what do they contain

A

Follicles and B cells

38
Q

What are the densely pack follicles of the lymph node called

A

Primary follicles

39
Q

What is the centre of active lymph node follicles called

A

The germinal centre

40
Q

What does the germinal centre of lymph follicles contain

A

Actively dividing B calls

41
Q

What surrounds the germinal centre of the lymph follicle

A

Mantle zone

42
Q

What is within the mantle zone

A

Resting B cells

43
Q

What is within the paracortical region of the lymph node

A

T cells and high endothelial venules

44
Q

What lines the high endothelial venules

A

Cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

What is within the medulla of the lymph node

A

Medullary sinuses and medullary cords that contain plasma cells and macrophages

46
Q

What areas do the developing B cells go through in the lymph node

A

Form a follicle in the superficial cortex, to the paracortex and finally into the medulla

47
Q

What are aggregations of lymph in the gut known as

A

GALT

48
Q

What is aggregations of lymph in the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract known as

A

MALT

49
Q

Examples of aggregations of lymphoid tissue

A

Waldeyer’s ring and payer’s patches

50
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

Immune response against blood-borne antigens, removes particulate matter and aged blood cells and produces blood cells during foetal life

51
Q

Structure of the spleen

A

Composed of white pulp nodules surrounded by red pulp

52
Q

What makes up the white pulp

A

Either T or B cells

53
Q

What is contained within the red pulp

A

Blood filled capillaries with discontinuous endothelium and sinuses

54
Q

What happens to old RBCs within the spleen

A

They lyse and become phagocytosed by macrophages associated with the sinuses

Histology (22 decks)

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