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Histology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of endocrine system

A

Maintain body homeostasis, help the body react to stress and regulate growth and development, including sexual development

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2
Q

How does the endocrine system achive its functions

A

Through the production and secretion of hormones

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3
Q

What are the main types of hormones produced by the endocrine system

A

Protein and glycoprotein, small peptide, derivatives of amino acids and steroids derived from cholesterol

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4
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A

Major endocrine organs, organs with partial endocrine roles and the diffuse endocrine system

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5
Q

What is the origin of most endocrine tissue

A

Epithelial

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6
Q

Some major endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads

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7
Q

Why is the pituitary known as the master gland

A

As its hormones regulate the activity of many other endorine glands

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary located

A

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

Another name for the pituitary

A

Hypophysis

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10
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary

A

Anterior/adenohypothysis and posterior/neurohypophysis

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11
Q

What is the posterior lobe developed from

A

Downwards growth of the hypothalamus

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12
Q

What attaches the posterior lobe to the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary stalk

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13
Q

What does the anterior lobe form from

A

An upwards pocket of epithelium in the roof of the oral cavity called Rathke’s pouch

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14
Q

What controls the secretion from the anterior pituitary

A

Hormones released from the hypothalamus

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15
Q

How are the hormones from the hypothalamus delivered to the anterior pituitary

A

In high concentrations through they hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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16
Q

What hormones does the pituitary secrete

A

Oxytocin, ADH, growth hormones, prolactin, gonadotropins, ACTH and TSH

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17
Q

What are the hypothamic hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary

A

Growth-releasing hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropic-releasing hormone, corticotrophin-hormone, alopanine and gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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18
Q

What does the anterior pituitary consist of

A

Packed secretory cells interspersed with fenestrated endothelium-lined vascular sinuses

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19
Q

What are the cells of the anterior pituitary

A

Acidophils, basophils and chemophobes

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20
Q

What are acidophils and basophils known as collectively

A

Chromophils

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21
Q

What does the posterior pituitary consist of

A

Axons of nerve cells in the suraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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22
Q

What are the special glial cells within the posterior pituitary

A

Pituicytes

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23
Q

What are the swellings in the axons of the posterior pituitary

A

Herring bodies

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24
Q

What are herring bodies

A

Aggregations of oxytocin or ADH

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25
Q

What is the portion of the pituitary between the anterior and posterior lobes

A

Pars intermedia

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26
Q

What is the pars intermedia

A

The remnants of the lumen of Rathke pouch

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27
Q

What is contained within the pars intermedia

A

Follicles that contain a colloid

28
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid follicle

29
Q

What is the thyroid follicle

A

A spherical space lined by epithelial cells that are low cuboidal when inactive

30
Q

What regulates the basal cell metabolism and heat production

A

T3 and T4

31
Q

What are C cells

A

Cells adjacent to the follicle cells

They are within the basal lamina that surrounds the follicle

32
Q

What do C cells produce

A

Calcitonin

33
Q

What function does calcitonin have

A

Inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium

34
Q

What are C cells derived from

A

Neural crests

35
Q

What are the parathyroid glands

A

Four oval glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

36
Q

What do the parathyroid glands produce

A

Parathyroid hormone

37
Q

Function of parathyroid hormone

A

Increases serum calcium by stimulating the release of calcium from bone, increasing renal calcium absorption and increasing calcium absorption from the gut

38
Q

What are the 3 cells within the parathyroid glands

A

Principle/chief cells, oxyphils and occasional adipose cells

39
Q

Chief cells

A

Small, lightly stained cells with dark, central nuclei

Secrete PTH

40
Q

Oxyphils

A

Larger eosinophil cells
Appear at puberty and become more numerous with age
Have large numbers of mitochondira

41
Q

What surrounds the parathyroid gland

A

Connective tissue capsule

42
Q

What forms the adrenal cortex

A

Epithelial cells

43
Q

What forms the adrenal medulla

A

Neural crest cells

44
Q

What surrounds the adrenal glands

A

A thick capsule with connective tissue trabeculae extending inwards through the cortex

45
Q

Layers of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

46
Q

What type of hormones are secreted by the zona granulosa

A

Mineralocorticoids

47
Q

Function of mineralocorticoids

A

Electrolyte and fluid homeostasis

48
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

49
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Promotes Na+ retention in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney

50
Q

What type of hormones does the zona fasciculata produce

A

Glucocorticoids

51
Q

Unction of glucocorticoids

A

Involved in many aspects of metabolism

52
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid produced

A

Cortisol

53
Q

Control of secretion of cortisol

A

ATCH from the anterior pituitary

54
Q

What type of hormones does the zona reticularis produce

A

Sex hormones

55
Q

What does the adrenal medulla reinforce

A

The actions of the sympathetic nervous system at times of stress

56
Q

Cells of the adrenal medulla

A

Slightly basophilic and arranged in cords and nests

Consist of granules of adrenaline and noradrenaline

57
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas

A

Both exocrine and endocrine

58
Q

What does the endocrine pancreas consist of

A

Scattered islands of tissue called islets of Langerhan

59
Q

Blood supply of the islets of Langerhan

A

Have a rich blood supply

60
Q

Secretory cells of the pancreas

A

Lightly stained and spherical-clustered cells

61
Q

Principle cells within the pancreatic islets

A

Insulin secreting cells, glucagon secreting cells and somatoststin secreting cells

62
Q

Function of insulin secreting cells

A

Lowering of blood glucose

63
Q

Function of glucagon secreting cells

A

Elevation of blood glucose

64
Q

Function of somatostatin secreting cells

A

Inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion

65
Q

What is an antibody

A

A identifiable marker on or in a specific cell

66
Q

What hormone do the testes produce and what cell produces it

A

Testosterone and the Leydig cells

67
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

Histology (22 decks)

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