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Histology > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protection against chemical, thermal and mechanical insults, bacterial and fungal invasion, dessication and uv light
Has sensors for touch, pressure, pain and temperature
Thermoregulation
Production of vitamin D3
Significant energy store

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2
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Composed of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Dermis

A

Composed of a layer of fibrocollageous and elastic connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves and sensory receptors

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5
Q

Hypodermis

A

Composed mainly of adipose tissue
Varies in thickness
Scattered septa made up of bundles of collagen

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6
Q

What is the function of septa in the hypodermis

A

Help anchor the skin to the underlying deep fascia

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7
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

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8
Q

What is a possible 5th layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum lucidum

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9
Q

Statum basale

A

Single layer of cells sitting on basal lamina

Stem cells for the epidermis

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10
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

5 cells thick

Many desmosomes attaching cells to each other

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11
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Cells aquire large numbers of dense cytoplasmic granules
Cells produce lamellar bodies
Further up the layer, the cells gain more keratin and organelles are being progressively lost

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12
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Composed of dead squamous cells packed with keratin in a specialised matrix

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13
Q

What are the dense cytoplasmic granules called

A

Keratohyalin granules

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14
Q

What do keratohyalin granules contain

A

Profilaggrin

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15
Q

What does profilaggrin promote

A

The aggregation of cytokeratin intermediate filaments

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16
Q

Aggregations of cytokeratin intermediate filiments known as

A

Keratin

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17
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Thin layer found only in thick skin consisting of dead cells with abundant keratin

18
Q

Non-keratinising cells of epidermis

A

Melanocytes, langerhans’ cells and merkel cells

19
Q

Melanocytes

A

Many long cell processes

Produce melanin

20
Q

What does melanin complex with and what does it form

A

Proteins to form melanoprotiens

21
Q

What are melanoprotiens passed to and through

A

Keratinocytes and through granules called melanosomes

22
Q

Two forms of melanin

A

Pheomelanin and eumelanin

23
Q

Langerhans’ cells

A

Resident immune cells
Act as antigen presenting cells
Have a network of cell processes to increase surface area
Numbers increase during inflammatory conditions
Invade the skin from the blood stream

24
Q

Merkel cells

A

Touch receptors found in basal layer of epidermis

Associated with a nerve ending and form low threshold/slowly adapting receptors

25
Q

Two layers of dermis

A

Papillary dermis - superficial

Reticular dermis - deep

26
Q

Papillary dermis

A

Forms dermal papillae which project upwards and interdigitate with downwards projections of the epidermis called rete ridges
Consists of bundles of fine collagen and elastic tissue

27
Q

Reticular dermis

A

Forms dense irregular connective tissue with thick bundles of collagen fibres and elastic fibres embedded in small amounts of extracellular material

28
Q

Other name for hypodermis

A

Subcutis

29
Q

Epidermal skin appendages

A

Hair follicles, sebacous glands and sweat glands

30
Q

Hair follicles

A

Tubular structure extending down through the epi into the dermis and hypo
Has 5 layers
At the bottom extension = hair bulb
Concave region = dermal hair papilla

31
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Usually associated with hair follicle
Produce sebum
Utilise holocrine secretion

32
Q

Arrector pili muscles

A

Associated with hair follicle
Small band of muscle
Runs obliquely upwards and ends in upper part of dermis
Innervated by sympathetic nervous system

33
Q

Sweat glands

A

2 types - eccrine and apocrine
Coiled tube located near junction of dermis and hypo
Made up of secretory and duct segements

34
Q

Secretory segment of sweat gland

A

Coiled tubular gland

Pseudostratified epithelium

35
Q

Duct segment of sweat gland

A

Initially coiled but then straightens

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

36
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A 
Restricted to axillae, genitalia and areolae of the nipple
Produce a milky fluid
Ducts typically end on hair follicles
Secretory sections have large lumen
Utilise merocrine secretion
37
Q

Nails

A

Hard plates of keratin
Formed by cells of the nail matrix
Nail bed is analogus and continuous with epidermis

38
Q

Visible half moon portion of nail matrix

A

Lunula

39
Q

Sensory receptors of skin can be classified by

A

Free nerve endings or encapsulated nerve endings

40
Q

Free nerve endings form

A

Meissner’s corpusce

41
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings from

A

Pacinian corpuscle

Histology (22 decks)

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