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Histology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

How is force produced

A

The movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres, with the aid of a number of accessory proteins

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2
Q

4 types of contractile cells

A

Muscle cells, myoepithelial cells, myofibroblasts, and pericytes

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3
Q

Types of muscle cells

A

Skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle cells

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4
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Found with secretory units of some exocrine glands. They have flattened cells and a contractile protien arrangement similar to smooth muscle

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5
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

Characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Enlarge in injury and secrete collagen to provide scaffold for repair and then contract the wound

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6
Q

Pericytes

A

Found around capillaries and venules. Can can act as stem cells but also have contractile properties

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7
Q

How are myotubules formed

A

Within the mesenchyme of the mesoderm, cells will align and eventually lose their separating cell membranes

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8
Q

Names given to skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal, voluntary and striated

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9
Q

Muscle tissue is formed from

A

Muscle cells and associated connective tissue

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10
Q

Muscles are formed from

A

Muscle fibres, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, connective tissue and specialised sense organs

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11
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle fibres

A
  • Striated
  • Multinucleated
  • Unbranched
  • Nuceli are at the periphery of the fibre, just under te cell membrane
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12
Q

What is the cell membrane in muscle fibres called

A

The sarcolemma

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13
Q

A bundle of muscle fibres

A

Fascicle

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14
Q

Connective tissue around the muscle as a whole

A

Epimysium

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15
Q

Connective tissue around the fascicle

A

Perimysuim

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16
Q

Connective tissue around a single muscle fibre

A

Endomysium

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17
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

The smallest contractile unit of a muscle cell

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18
Q

What forms a myofibril

A

Hundreds or thousands of sarcomeres placed end to end

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19
Q

Where do sarcomeres extend from/to

A

From one Z line to the next

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20
Q

What is a motor unit

A

The motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres it innervated

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21
Q

Fewer number of muscle fibres in a motor unit =

A

Finer movement of control

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22
Q

Synapse at the end of the motor neurone

A

Motor end plate

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23
Q

Muscle fibres in a motor unit are all

A

Of the same class

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24
Q

What type of junction to almost all muscle fibres have

A

Neuromuscular junction

25
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A
  • Nearly all mucle fibres have one
  • Motor axons terminate at a motor end plate
  • Action potential cause the release of acetylcholine
  • Initiates an action potential in sarcolemma
26
Q

Tubules within the muscle cell

A

T-tubules

27
Q

T-tubules

A
  • Extend from sarcolemma into the cell

- Ramify and surrounding each myofibril at the A-I junction of each sarcomere

28
Q

Specialised smooth ER

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Very high concentrations of Ca2+

- LIes on either sides of the T-tubules

30
Q

T-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum =

A

Triad

31
Q

What does an action potential at the neuromuscular jucntion cause

A

The release of acetylecholine which causes an action potential in the muscle cell

32
Q

An action potential in the muscle cell travels along what

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum and invades the T-tubules

33
Q

What does the action potential in the sarcoplasmic reticulum cause

A

The release of Ca2+

34
Q

The release of Ca2+ causes

A

The myosin fibrils to ratchet across the actin fibrils, shortening the sarcomere

35
Q

Three types of skeletal muscle fibres

A

Type I, type IIa, type IIb

36
Q

Type I muscle fibres

A
  • Slow contracting fibres
  • Depend on oxidative metabolism
  • Have abundant mitochondira and myoglobin
  • Resistant to fatigue and produce less force
37
Q

Type IIA muscle fibres

A
  • Intermediate between the other two types
  • Relatively uncommon
  • Fast twitch but fatigue resistant
38
Q

Type IIB muscle fibres

A
  • Relatively fast contracting fibres
  • Depend on anaerobic metabolism
  • Fewer mitochondia and myoblogin than type I
  • Fatigue relatively easy and produce greater force
39
Q

The myotendinous junctions

A

Where the collagen of the tendons attaches to the end of the muscle fibres

40
Q

How is the muscle attached to collagen

A

Through complex interdigitations

41
Q

Why are tendons slow to hear

A

They have a poor blood supply

42
Q

Specialised sense organs within muscles

A

Muscle spindles

43
Q

What do muscle spindles provide

A

Information of the amount of stretch and tension in the muscle

44
Q

Special fibres within the muscle spindle

A

Intrafusal fibres

45
Q

Normal contracile fibres

A

Extrafusual muscle fibres

46
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • Forms major part of walls of heart chambers and origins of great vessels
  • Has striations
  • Shorter than skeletal muscle fibres
  • Branch to form a complex network
47
Q

Nuclei in cardiac muscle

A

Have a single nucleus located at the centre of the fibre

48
Q

Dark irregular lines in cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated discs

49
Q

Function of intercalated discs

A

Site of end-to-end attachment, maintain mechanical integrity and allow the transmission of electrical impulses

50
Q

Dyad in cardiac muscle

A

T-tubule and only one branch of sarcoplasmic reticulum

51
Q

Skeletal muscle regenerative capacity

A
  • Has a population of myoblasts called satellite cells at the outer surface of sarcolemma
  • Following damage they become activated to proliferate and form new muscle fibres
52
Q

What competes with the regeneration of tissue

A

Scar tissue

53
Q

Cardiac muscle regenerative capacity

A
  • Small population of stem cells but they play little roles in effective repair
  • After muscle is killed, new muscle is not regenerated
54
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • No visible striations
  • Not under conscious control
  • Predominantly found in organs
55
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

Elongated, spinde-shaped cells with a single cigar shaped nucleus

56
Q

Actin and myosin in smooth muscle

A
  • Not as well organised as skeletal or cardiac muscle
  • Converge on dense bodies in cytoplasm
  • Converge on focal densities at periphery of the cell
57
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

The gut, respiratory tract, blood vessels, uterus and iris of the eye

58
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle

A
  • Typically recieves signals for both contraction and relaxation
  • Smooth muscle either contracts continuously or rhythmically in absence of stimuli
  • Appropriate stimuli can modulate contraction either positively or negatively
59
Q

Where does stimuli for smooth muscle originate

A

Nerve fibres of autonomic nervous system or a hormone

Histology (22 decks)

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