urinary system Flashcards
located outside capsule, extraperitoneal fat of lumbar region, posterior to kidney
paranephric fat
membranous layer that encloses the kidneys, suprarenal glands, and perinephric fat
renal fascia
surrounds kidneys & their vessels, closer to surface of kidney
perinephric fat
positioned between diaphragm & superomedial kidney, surrounded by fat R: liver & IVC, L: stomach, spleen, pancreas
suprarenal glands
what changes during respiration?
location of the kidneys
retroperitoneal, ant/post surface, med/lat margin, infer/superior pole
external kidney
concave surface of the kidney where nerves and vessels enter and exit the kidney
hilum
what exits the kidney through the hilum?
renal vein, ureter
what enters the kidney through the hilum?
renal arteries/nerves, lymphatics
medulla & cortex are part of the…
internal kidney
consists of 6+ renal pyramids, concentration of urine by removing water
medulla
composed of nephrons which are responsible for urine production through filtration, resorption and secretion
cortex
what drains into the ureters?
minor/major calices, renal pelvis
movement of urine:
medulla/renal pyramid –> minor calice –> major calice –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> bladder –> eliminated
posterior to renal veins, divide into 5 segmental end arteries (area supplied is independent, called renal segment)
renal arteries
longer on the left side than the right, passes the aorta and drains into the IVC
renal veins
what are the two parts of a nephron?
corpuscles, tubules
site of filtration
corpscule
responsible for resorption and secretion
tubules
site of urine production, lined by simple squamous
nephron
pair of muscular ducts/tube extending from renal pelvis to bladder
ureter
what direction does the ureter run?
inferomedially along the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, crossing the external iliac artery, then running along the lateral wall of the pelvis into the bladder
how does the ureter enter the bladder? why?
at an oblique angle to prevent backflow of urine
potential sites of obstruction by ureteric stones…
junction with renal pelvis (exit renal pelvis), crossing the pelvic brim, passage through bladder wall (enter bladder wall)
muscular organ whose walls are lined with detrusor muscle
bladder
what are the main parts of the bladder?
apex, fundus, body, neck
what is the function of the bladder?
to store and expel urine
location of bladder when full / empty
full- ascends into the lower abdominal cavity
empty- lesser pelvis
thin walled tube, lined by mucous membrane, that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body
urethra
smooth triangular region defined by the ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice
trigone
4 regions of male urethra
intramural, prostatic, intermediate (membranous), spongy (penile)
regions of the male urethra that only pass urine
intramural, prostatic
regions of urethra that pass urine and semen
membranous, spongy
5 reasons why women are 30x more likely to get a UTI
length of urethra, placement of urethra, sexual conduct, skin of perineum is sensitive to infection, contraception (spermicide)
vascorestriction of renal vessels slows urine formation, fight or flight response
sympathetic stimulation
contracts detrusor muscle of bladder wall causing urination
parasympathetic stimulation
innervates kidneys & ureters
renal nerve plexus, consisting of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers
constricts blood flow to kidneys, decreasing overall kidney output
sympathetic innervation
increases blood flow to the kidneys, increases urine production
parasympathetic innervation
infection that has to be treated with IV antibiotics, infection that has spread from renal pelvis and calyces to kidney
pyelonephritis
kidney transplant
have to have dialysis to remove urine from blood until transplant, happens in the iliac fossa of greater pelvis
