pelvis and perineum

Question 1

bony pelvis

Answer 1

basin-shaped bony ring that attaches the lower limbs to the spine and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis

Question 2

what are the 4 bones that make up the bony pelvis?

Answer 2

2 hip bones (os coxae), sacrum, coccyx

Question 3

houses certain abdominal viscera & contains abdominal organs

Answer 3

greater (false) pelvis

Question 4

accommodates pelvic viscera, bladder, reproductive & urinary organs

Answer 4

lesser (true) pelvis

Question 5

what do we refer to as the birth canal?

Answer 5

pelvic inlet and outlet

Question 6

attachment site for sacrum, muscle attachment sites

Answer 6

ilium

Question 7

dorsal portion of as coxae, attaches via ischial tuberosity for hamstring muscles

Answer 7

ischium

Question 8

origin for adductor muscles

Answer 8

pubis

Question 9

what unites to create the acetabulum?

Answer 9

ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 10

what is separated by the pelvic brim?

Answer 10

the greater and lesser pelvis

Question 11

what ligaments attach to the sacrum to to ischial spine or tuberosity which prevents the dislocation of the pelvis?

Answer 11

sacrospinous ligament, sacrotuberous ligament (prevents pelvis from rotating forward)

Question 12

what forms foramen (passage for lumbar and sacral plexi)?

Answer 12

sacrospinous ligament and sacrotuberous ligament creating the greater & lesser sciatic foramen

Question 13

hormone that is secreted that relaxes joints and ligaments in pregnant women

Answer 13

relaxin

Question 14

pelvic diaphragm

Answer 14

extends from pubic symphysis to coccyx separating pelvic viscera from the perineal structures and supporting the pelvic organs

Question 15

dynamic floor muscles

Answer 15

muscles in action at all times, support pelvic viscera and helps raise intra-abdominal pressure, voluntary control of urination, fecal continence, and uterus support

Question 16

what separates the pelvic viscera from perineum?

Answer 16

pelvic diaphragm

Question 17

organized to support pelvic organs and to prevent them from prolapsing through diaphragm and outside the body

Answer 17

pelvic diaphragm

Question 18

how many muscles are in the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 18

5 muscles

Question 19

what are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 19

levator ani muscle group (puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus), coccygeus, obturator internus

Question 20

what is the function of the levator ani muscle group?

Answer 20

maintain inter-cavity pressure (fecal continents, urine)

Question 21

why is the fourth muscle, coccygeus, not part of the levator ani group?

Answer 21

different innervation

Question 22

what is the obturator internus?

Answer 22

the wall of the pelvic diaphragm and dynamic floor, permits passage of urethra, rectum, vagina via urogenital hiatus

Question 23

puborectalis

Answer 23

attaches to pubis, forms sling around rectum and attaches back to pubis, doesn’t attach to coccyx

Question 24

what prevents defecation

Answer 24

sympathetic system

Question 25

what relaxes the puborectalis

Answer 25

parasympathetic

Question 26

arterial supply

Answer 26

paired internal iliac arteries and their branches into pelvic cavity, 4 main arteries enter lesser pelvis in females, 3 in males

Question 27

venous drainage

Answer 27

parallels to the arteries, tributaries of the internal iliac veins

Question 28

internal iliac artery

Answer 28

into pelvic cavity and supply reproductive & urinary structures in pelvis with oxygenated blood

Question 29

what does the internal iliac vein drain?

Answer 29

the cavity of deoxygenated blood

Question 30

how many great arteries enter the lesser pelvis in males & females?

Answer 30

4 in females, 3 in males

Question 31

what artery supplies the most blood to the lesser pelvis?

Answer 31

internal iliac arteries

Question 32

what are pelvic structures innervated by?

Answer 32

sciatic nerve, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves (S1-4), autonomic nervous system

Question 33

what are the nerves for sexual function?

Answer 33

pudendal nerve S2-4

Question 34

pudendal canal

Answer 34

horizontal passageway within the obturator fascia which covers the obturator internus, transmits the internal pudendal vessels and nerve supply

Question 35

pudendal nerve

Answer 35

somatic innervation (S2-4) to perineal body wall, muscles, genitalia, external anal sphincter and skin of perineum, carries sympathetics

Question 36

triangular shaped spaces on inferior side of pelvis

Answer 36

perineum

Question 37

contains urogenital structures running from pubic symphysis to ischial tuberosity

Answer 37

urogenital triangle

Question 38

contains anus, running from ischial tuberosity to coccyx

Answer 38

anal triangle

Question 39

what is perineum bounded by?

Answer 39

superiorly- levator ani (pelvic diaphragm) laterally- obturator internus

Question 40

superficial perineum pouch

Answer 40

potential space between the membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue and the perineal membrane

Question 41

deep perineum pouch

Answer 41

bounded inferiorly by perineal membrane, superiorly & laterally by fascias of the pelvic diaphragm & obturator internus muscle

Question 42

skin on external surface of genitalia to perineal membrane

Answer 42

superficial pouch

Question 43

perineal membrane to pelvic diaphragm

Answer 43

deep pouch

Question 44

contents of superficial pouch males

Answer 44

ischiocavernousus & bulbospongiosus muscles, proximal part of spongy urethra

Question 45

contents of superficial pouch females

Answer 45

ischiocavernous muscle (clitoris), greater vestibular gland, bulbospongiosus

Question 46

contents of deep pouch

Answer 46

urethra in both sexes, external urethral sphincter & fatty deposit (ischioanal fat pads)

Question 47

urogenital diaphragm

Answer 47

muscles within the deep pelineal pouch plus the perineal membrane

Question 48

ischioanal fossa

Answer 48

fat filled wedge shaped region surrounding the rectum and anus, located in anal triangle

Question 49

what happens during the folding stage of urogenital development?

Answer 49

the intermediate mesoderm (kidneys) are carried ventrally and loses its connection with the somites

Question 50

urogenital ridge

Answer 50

forms on each side of the dorsal aorta, gives rise to urinary & genital systems

Question 51

nephrogenic cord

Answer 51

urinary system

Question 52

gonadal ridge

Answer 52

genital system

Question 53

the nephrogenic cord becomes...

Answer 53

kidneys and part of ureters, develops 3 pairs of kidneys

Question 54

3 pairs of kidneys formed by nephrogenic cord

Answer 54

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

Question 55

cloaca

Answer 55

divides into rectum and sinus developed by the metanephric kidneys

Question 56

eptopic kidney

Answer 56

kidney in pelvic cavity instead of abdomen, fails to ascend