urinary

Question 1

What is nephrolithiasis?

Answer 1

Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculi.

Question 2

What does “calculus” refer to in nephrolithiasis?

Answer 2

The stone itself.

Question 3

What does “lithiasis” mean in nephrolithiasis?

Answer 3

The formation of stones.

Question 4

How can climate contribute to kidney stones?

Answer 4

Warm climates cause fluid loss, low urine volume, and increased urine solute concentration.

Question 5

How can diet contribute to kidney stones?

Answer 5

Excess fruit juice/tea increases uric acid excretion; high protein and salt intake contribute.

Question 6

What dietary factors increase urine concentration?

Answer 6

Low calcium intake and insufficient fluid intake.

Question 7

How do genetic factors contribute to kidney stones?

Answer 7

Family history of stones, cystinuria, or renal tubular acidosis increases risk.

Question 8

What lifestyle factors increase kidney stone risk?

Answer 8

Immobility, obesity, and a sedentary occupation.

Question 9

What metabolic abnormalities contribute to kidney stones?

Answer 9

Increased urine pH, calcium, oxalate, or uric acid; or low citrate levels.

Question 10

What prevents kidney stone recurrence?

Answer 10

Keeping urine dilute and free-flowing reduces recurrence risk.

Question 11

How does urinary pH affect stone formation?

Answer 11

High pH reduces solubility of calcium and phosphate; low pH reduces solubility of uric acid and cystine.

Question 12

What complications arise from infected stones?

Answer 12

Renal infection, hydronephrosis, and kidney function loss may occur.

Question 13

What is a staghorn stone?

Answer 13

A large stone occupying a significant portion of the kidney, often caused by infection.

Question 14

Where does pain occur if the stone is in the calyx or UPJ?

Answer 14

Pain is felt in the costovertebral flank area (renal colic).

Question 15

Where does pain occur if the stone is in the UVJ?

Answer 15

Pain radiates to the abdomen, lower quadrant, or groin.

Question 16

What pain is specific to men with kidney stones?

Answer 16

Testicular pain.

Question 17

What pain is specific to women with kidney stones?

Answer 17

Labial pain.

Question 18

What additional symptoms accompany kidney stones?

Answer 18

Nausea, vomiting, dysuria, fever, chills, and mild shock.

Question 19

How is a kidney stone diagnosed?

Answer 19

Noncontrast CT scan or ultrasound; urinalysis to check for hematuria and crystalluria.

Question 20

Why is stone retrieval and analysis important?

Answer 20

It helps diagnose the underlying problem contributing to stone formation.

Question 21

What is laser lithotripsy?

Answer 21

A procedure using laser energy to break stones into smaller fragments for excretion.

Question 22

What is ESWL (extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy)?

Answer 22

Uses shock waves to break up stones; performed under anesthesia.

Question 23

What is ultrasonic lithotripsy?

Answer 23

Uses high-frequency sound waves to break stones into “sand”; requires anesthesia.

Question 24

What is electrohydraulic lithotripsy?

Answer 24

Uses electrical shock waves to break up stones into fragments.

Question 25

What is a cystoscopy?

Answer 25

A procedure to remove small stones located in the bladder.

Question 26

What is cystolitholapaxy?

Answer 26

A procedure to break bladder stones using ultrasound, laser, or lithotrite, followed by irrigation.

Question 27

What is a ureteroscopy?

Answer 27

A procedure to remove stones from the renal pelvis or upper urinary tract, with or without lithotripsy.

Question 28

What is percutaneous nephrolithotomy?

Answer 28

A procedure involving kidney access via the back to fragment stones and irrigate the kidney.

Question 29

What are the complications of nephrolithotomy?

Answer 29

Bleeding, infection, or injury.

Question 30

What is a nephrolithotomy?

Answer 30

A surgical incision into the kidney to remove stones.

Question 31

What is a pyelolithotomy?

Answer 31

A surgical incision into the renal pelvis to remove stones.

Question 32

What is a ureterolithotomy?

Answer 32

A surgical incision into the ureter to remove stones.

Question 33

What is a cystotomy?

Answer 33

A surgical procedure to remove bladder stones.

Question 34

What are common interventions for kidney stones?

Answer 34

Increase hydration, manage pain and infection, and treat obstruction.

Question 35

What diet changes help prevent kidney stones?

Answer 35

Low sodium diet and avoiding excessive animal protein and salt intake.

Question 36

What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI)?

Answer 36

E. coli, accounting for 75% of cases.

Question 37

What is pyelonephritis?

Answer 37

Inflammation of the renal parenchyma and collecting system caused by infection.

Question 38

What are some anatomic risk factors for UTIs?

Answer 38

Abnormalities in the urinary tract, urinary retention, and foreign bodies like catheters.

Question 39

What conditions can make someone more prone to UTIs?

Answer 39

Immunocompromised status, urinary stasis, and dehydration.

Question 40

What functional disorders increase UTI risk?

Answer 40

Conditions like "nurse’s bladder" and issues caused by sexual activity or poor hygiene.

Question 41

How does pregnancy affect UTI risk?

Answer 41

Pregnancy can increase the risk due to physiological changes like urinary retention.

Question 42

What role does pH change play in UTI risk?

Answer 42

Any change in urinary pH can contribute to UTI development.

Question 43

What are the lower urinary symptoms of a UTI?

Answer 43

Dysuria, hesitancy, intermittency, postvoid dribbling, urinary retention, and incomplete emptying.

Question 44

What are storage symptoms of a UTI?

Answer 44

Incontinence, nocturia, nocturnal enuresis, urgency, and urinary frequency (more than every 2 hours).

Question 45

What are common upper urinary symptoms of a UTI?

Answer 45

Fever, chills, and flank pain.

Question 46

What tests are used to diagnose a UTI?

Answer 46

Urinalysis (clean-catch specimen), urine culture and sensitivity, imaging studies (CT, ultrasound, cystoscopy).

Question 47

What is the first step in diagnosing recurrent UTIs?

Answer 47

Repeat urinalysis and urine culture and sensitivity testing.

Question 48

When are imaging studies indicated for a UTI?

Answer 48

If the infection is recurrent or complicated, or if there is suspicion of anatomical abnormalities.

Question 49

How are UTIs generally treated?

Answer 49

Antibiotics and increased fluid intake.

Question 50

What is included in prevention education for UTIs?

Answer 50

Maintaining good hygiene, adequate fluid intake, and possibly using heat packs for discomfort.

Question 51

How can patients with uncomplicated UTIs be supported?

Answer 51

Patient education on antibiotic use, prevention, and adequate hydration.