adult 1_ fluids_electrolyte pt 2 - Sheet1 Flashcards
What are the neuromuscular symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Muscle cramps, tremors, hyperreflexia, positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs.
What neurological symptoms can occur with hypomagnesemia?
Confusion, vertigo, seizures.
What cardiac complications are associated with hypomagnesemia?
Dysrhythmias.
What is the treatment for mild hypomagnesemia?
Oral magnesium supplements and increased dietary magnesium intake.
What is the treatment for severe hypomagnesemia?
IV magnesium sulfate 10% solution infused at 1.5 mL/min.
What antidote should be kept on standby when administering IV magnesium sulfate?
Calcium gluconate.
What vital sign should be closely monitored when administering IV magnesium?
Respirations.
What are good dietary sources of magnesium?
Nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, legumes.
What electrolyte imbalances are commonly associated with hypomagnesemia?
Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia.
What conditions can cause hypomagnesemia?
Chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, diuretic use, prolonged diarrhea, uncontrolled diabetes.
What are the cardiovascular symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
Hypotension, facial flushing.
What neurological symptoms can occur with hypermagnesemia?
Lethargy.
What renal symptom is associated with hypermagnesemia?
Oliguria (reduced urine output).
What gastrointestinal symptoms can occur with hypermagnesemia?
Nausea and vomiting (N/V).
What neuromuscular sign is seen in hypermagnesemia?
Hyporeflexia.
What is the first priority intervention for hypermagnesemia?
Stop oral/IV magnesium intake.
What is the recommended intervention for patients with adequate renal function?
Increase fluid intake to promote magnesium excretion.
What is the treatment for hypermagnesemia in patients with impaired renal function?
Hemodialysis.
What medication is given to symptomatic cardiac patients with hypermagnesemia?
IV calcium gluconate.
What should be closely monitored in hypermagnesemia patients?
Respiratory and neuromuscular status (neuromuscular blockade).
What neuromuscular symptoms are associated with hypocalcemia?
Tetany, hyperreflexia, positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs.
How does hypocalcemia affect the cardiovascular system?
Decreased cardiac contractility.
What is the treatment for mild (asymptomatic) hypocalcemia?
Increase calcium and vitamin D intake.
What is the treatment for severe (symptomatic) hypocalcemia?
IV calcium gluconate if the patient has EKG changes.
Why is rebreathing CO2 recommended for hypocalcemia?
It helps retain CO2, which can lower pH and increase ionized calcium levels.
What medication change should be made for patients on loop diuretics with hypocalcemia?
Discontinue loop diuretics and switch to thiazide diuretics to retain calcium.
What dietary sources are rich in calcium?
Dairy products, leafy green vegetables, almonds, sardines, tofu, fortified foods.
What should be monitored when administering IV calcium gluconate?
Cardiac function and EKG for potential changes.
What are common causes of hypocalcemia?
Hypoparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, pancreatitis, loop diuretics.
What complication can arise if hypocalcemia is untreated?
Seizures and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
What are the musculoskeletal symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Bone pain, muscle weakness.
What renal complications can be associated with hypercalcemia?
Kidney stones, polyuria.
What neurological symptoms are common in hypercalcemia?
Confusion, lethargy.
What is the treatment for mild hypercalcemia?
Reduce calcium intake, increase weight-bearing activity, increase fluid intake (especially cranberry/prune juice to acidify the urine).
What is the treatment for severe hypercalcemia?
IV isotonic saline, bisphosphonate, and calcitonin.
What should be done in life-threatening hypercalcemia?
Dialysis may be needed in severe cases.
What is the gold standard treatment for hypercalcemia?
Bisphosphonates.
How does calcitonin help in hypercalcemia?
It increases renal calcium excretion and is used only for a few days.
What dietary modification is recommended for hypercalcemia?
Reducing calcium intake.
What are good strategies to prevent kidney stones in hypercalcemia?
Increase fluid intake to promote hydration and urine flow.
What are the key laboratory findings in respiratory acidosis?
Low pH and high CO2.
What are common causes of respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation (sleep apnea, COPD, asthma, pneumonia).
What cardiovascular symptom is associated with respiratory acidosis?
Hypotension.
What is the priority intervention for respiratory acidosis?
Maintain airway patency with suctioning and oxygen therapy.
How can ventilation be promoted in respiratory acidosis?
Using an incentive spirometer.
What medication may be administered for severe respiratory acidosis?
Sodium bicarbonate.
What is the treatment for pneumonia in respiratory acidosis?
Antibiotics to treat the underlying infection.
What is the treatment for asthma in respiratory acidosis?
Bronchodilators to open the airways.
What other interventions are important in managing respiratory acidosis?
Close monitoring of respiratory function, providing respiratory support as needed.
What is the general approach to managing respiratory acidosis?
Treat the underlying cause (e.g., infection, obstruction) and support ventilation.
What are the key laboratory findings in respiratory alkalosis?
High pH and low CO2.
What are common causes of respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation, often due to anxiety, pain, fever, or high altitudes.
What cardiovascular symptom is associated with respiratory alkalosis?
Tachycardia.
What is the priority intervention for respiratory alkalosis?
Calm the patient down to slow breathing.
What breathing technique can help manage respiratory alkalosis?
Pursed lip breathing.
What is the treatment for severe respiratory alkalosis?
Rebreathing CO2, such as through a paper bag (if appropriate).
What is the general approach to managing respiratory alkalosis?
Address the underlying cause (e.g., anxiety, pain) and encourage slow, controlled breathing.
What are the key laboratory findings in metabolic acidosis?
Low pH and low HCO3.
What are common causes of metabolic acidosis?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), kidney failure, ETOH (alcohol) abuse, diarrhea.
What type of breathing is commonly seen in metabolic acidosis?
Kussmaul respirations, which are deep and rapid to increase CO2 excretion.
What skin symptoms may be seen in metabolic acidosis?
Cold and clammy skin.
What neurological symptoms are associated with metabolic acidosis?
Confusion, lethargy.
What is the priority intervention for metabolic acidosis?
Treat the underlying cause (e.g., insulin for DKA, antibiotics for infections).
What is the treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Administer insulin to lower blood glucose and reverse acidosis.
What medication may be given for severe metabolic acidosis?
Sodium bicarbonate.
What are other potential causes of metabolic acidosis?
Diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate), kidney failure, and alcohol abuse.
What complications can arise from untreated metabolic acidosis?
Respiratory distress, shock, and organ failure.
What are the key laboratory findings in metabolic alkalosis?
High pH and high HCO3.
What are common causes of metabolic alkalosis?
Nausea, vomiting, NG suctioning resulting in acid loss, overuse of diuretics.
What gastrointestinal symptoms are associated with metabolic alkalosis?
Nausea, vomiting.
What is the priority intervention for metabolic alkalosis?
Provide sodium chloride and potassium chloride to correct electrolyte imbalances.
What other treatment may be used to manage metabolic alkalosis?
Correct the underlying cause (e.g., stop excessive diuretic use, treat nausea/vomiting).
How do sodium chloride and potassium chloride help in metabolic alkalosis?
They help restore fluid and electrolyte balance, correcting chloride and potassium deficits.
