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VTNE Review > Urinalysis & Hematology > Flashcards

Urinalysis & Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Urine Preservation

A
  • Centrifuge immediately for microscopic evaluation
  • Can refrigerate for 2-12 hours, but bring to room temp before testing
  • Freezing can be done for chemistry but will destroy cells
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2
Q

Continence

A

Storing of urine in the bladder as it fills

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3
Q

Oliguria

A

Decrease in urine

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4
Q

Pollakiuria

A

Frequent urination

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5
Q

Polyuria

A

Urinating large volumes

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6
Q

Urine Transparency
Exceptions

A

Generally will be clear, but exceptions include
* horses: calcium carbonate crystals and mucus present
* rabbit / hamster / guinea pig: calcium salts present
* cats: fat present
* cattle: calcium carbonate crystals will form in older urine

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7
Q

USG

A

Urine Specific Gravity
* assesses how well renal tubules concentrate / dilute filtrates from glomerulus
* how well kidneys maintain water and osmotic pressure
* will decrease as temp increased

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8
Q

Isosthenuria

A
  • “Fixed SG”
  • 1.008 - 1.012
  • neither diluted or concentrated
  • same glomerular filtrate as plasma
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9
Q

Hyposthenuria

A
  • SG < 1.008
  • urine diluted below SG of plasma
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10
Q

Hypersthenuria

A
  • SG > 1.012
  • Urine concentrated more than SG of plasma
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11
Q

Urine pH

A

Body’s acid-base balance
* acidic = pH <7
* alkaline = pH >7

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12
Q

Urine pH
Affects of Diet

A
  • Herbivores: alkaline (unless nursing)
  • Carnivores: acidic
  • Omnivores: can be either
  • General: less acidic after meals (alkaline tide)
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13
Q

Urine pH
Open / Standing

A

Leads to false increases in pH
* loss of CO2
* bacteria quickly multiply

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14
Q

Urine Protein

A
  • Normal: none or trace
  • Indicator for renal disease, especially if casts seen
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15
Q

Urine Protein
False Readings

A

False-Positive
* alkaline / highly concentrated urine
* strip left in urine too long

False-Negative
* globulins causing increased protein

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16
Q

UPC

A

Urine Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio
* confirm proteinuria
* lower level of detection

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17
Q

Urine Glucose

A

Depend on glucose levels in blood
* normal: none
* occurs when renal threshold reached

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18
Q

Urine Glucose
False-Positives

A
  • Fear
  • Stress
  • Excitement
  • Recommend to fast prior to test
  • Certain drugs
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19
Q

Urine Ketones

A

Produced during fat metabolism
* important source of energy
* very small amount found in blood
* excess metabolism will cause ketones to spill into urine

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20
Q

Urine Ketones
Increased

A

Excess Ketones are toxic
* CNS depression
* acidosis

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21
Q

Urine Ketones
and Glucose

A

Ketosis associated with hypoglycemia
* high glucose demands
* pregnancy and diabetes-associated diseases

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22
Q

Urine
Urobilinogen

A

Small amount in urine from breakdown of bilirubin
* majority eliminated in feces

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23
Q

Urine
Bilirubin

A
  • Only conjugated found in urine
  • Rough determination done by shaking urine and looking for yellow foam
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24
Q

Urine Bilirubin
False Results

A
  • Positives reliable in cats, but not dogs
  • False negatives: light will oxidize
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25
Q

Urine
Blood

A

When present
* evaluate blood serum or plasma
* evaluate urine supernatant

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26
Q

Urine
Hematuria

A

Associated with disease of urogenital tract
* supernatant cloudy (pre-centrifuge)
* supernatant colorless (post-centrifuge)

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27
Q

Urine
Hemoglobinuria

A

Indicates intravascular hemolysis
* urine and plasma / serum will be reddish

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28
Q

Urine
Myoglobinuria

A

Indicates pathological condition of muscle or overexertion
* blood plasma will be colorless
* spun urine supernatant will be reddish

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29
Q

Urine WBC
False Readings

A
  • Cats = false-positives
  • Dogs = false-negatives
  • False-negatives = increased glucose and USG
  • False-positives = old urine
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30
Q

Urine
WBC

A

Most WBCs in urine are Neutrophils
* larger than RBCs
* smaller than epithelial cells

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31
Q

Urine
Epithelial Cells

A
  • Squamous
  • Transitional
  • Renal
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32
Q

Urine Cell

A

Squamous Epithelial Cell
* largest cells in urine
* come from urethra, vagina, and vulva
* irregular-shapped
* partially or fully cornified
* small round nuclei may be present
* not significant finding

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33
Q

Urine Cell

A

Transitional Epithelial Cells
* come from bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, urethra
* variation in size and shape
* may be increased with catheterization
* see with inflammation or neoplasia

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34
Q

Urine Cell

A

Renal Epithelial Cell
* come from renal tubules
* slightly larger than WBCs - can be difficult to distinguish from
* round with large nucleus

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35
Q

Urine
Casts

A

Formed by and take the cylindrical shape of kidney tubules
* acidic environments
* presence of protein
* increased flow time through tubules
* increased salt concentration

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36
Q

Urine Cast
Degradation Order

A
  • Hyaline
  • Tubular / Cellular
  • Coarse Granular
  • Fine Granular
  • Waxy
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37
Q

Urine Cast

A

Hyaline Cast
* clear / colorless
* composed of protein
* rounded ends
* mimick mucus strands
* few seen can be normal
* mildest form of renal irritation

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38
Q

Urine Cast

A

Cellular Cast
* contain cells from renal epithelium
* usually always significant

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39
Q

Urine Cast

A

Granular Casts
* most common
* coarse vs fine

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40
Q

Urine Cast

A

Waxy Cast
* wide with square ends
* “brittle” appearance

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41
Q

Urine Crystal

A

Struvite
* triple phosphate: magniesium ammonium phosphate
* “coffin lids”
* form in alkaline urine
* associated with bacteria

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42
Q

Urine Crystal

A

Amorphous Phosphate / Urate
* phosphates: colorless and granular; found in alkaline urine
* urates: brown color; found in acidic urine

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43
Q

Urine Crystal

A

Ammonium Biurate
* round and brown with long spicules
* see with liver disease or shunts
* common in dalmatians

44
Q

Urine Crystal

A

Calcium Carbonate
* only in horse and rabbit urine
* dumbbell, oval, or wheel-like with radial striations

45
Q

Urine Crystals

A

Calcium Oxalate
* small and colorless
* dumbbell or ring shape with X in the center
* form in acidic urine
* dihydrate vs monohydrate

46
Q

Dihydrate Calcium Oxalate Crystals

A
  • Found in healthy animals
  • Square with X in center
47
Q

Monohydrate Calcium Oxalate Crystals

A
  • Associated with ethylene glycol toxicity
  • “hemp seed” appearance
48
Q

Urine Crystal

A

Tyrosine
* spiculated and spindle shape
* found in acidic urine
* indicates hepatic disease

49
Q

Urine Crystal

A

Cystine
* flat and hexagon shape
* found in acidic urine
* indicates hepatic disease or defect of cystine metabolism

50
Q

Urine Crystal

A

Leucine
* small and round with sectioned centers
* found in acidic urine
* indicates hepatic disease

51
Q

Urine Crystal

A

Bilirubin
* common in concentrated dog samples
* may form in standing urine - warming may dissolve them

52
Q

Urine
Parasite Ova

A

Pearsonema plica
* bladder worm

53
Q

Urine
Parasite Ova

A

Dioctophyma renale
* giant kidney worm

54
Q

Blood Anticoagulants
EDTA

A
  • Preferred
  • Causes least changes in cell morphology
  • Prolonged storage will degrade cells
  • Lyses cells in certain reptiles and birds
55
Q

Blood Anticoagulants
Heparin

A
  • Preferred for birds and reptiles
  • Causes cellular distortion
  • Platelets readily clump
56
Q

Stress Leukogram

A

SMILED
* segs and monocytes increased
* lymphocytes and eosinophils decreased
* develops over several hours and lasts for days

57
Q

Physiological Leukogram

A

Fight or Flight” Induced
* increased segs and lymphocytes
* develops immediately and resolves within 30 minutes
* common in cats

58
Q

Relative Polycythemia

A

Transient increase in RBCs
* no TP increase
* results from splenic contraction
* causes: exercose, epinephrine, dehydration

59
Q

Relative Anemia

A

Dilution effect during fluid administration

60
Q

EDTA
Prolonged Blood Storage

A
  • Neutrophil nuclear hypersegmentation
  • Lymphocyte nuclei indentation
  • Swelling of RBCs
  • Increase in MCV
61
Q

PCV and Hydration

A
  • Dehydration = increased
  • Overhydration = decreased
62
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Part of RBC that carrys O2 and CO2
* measured in g/dL
* PCV / 3

63
Q

RBC Estimate

A
  • PCV / 6
  • Label with x10^6 /uL
64
Q

MCV

A

Mean volume / size of RBCs
* PCV x 10 / RBC
* RBC = use single number before x10
* answer in fL

65
Q

Macrocytosis

A

Increased MCV
* reticulocytes and larger RBCs present
* sign of regeneration

66
Q

Microcytosis

A

Decreased MCV
* iron deficiency
* shunts
* RBC production defects

67
Q

Normocytosis

A

Normal sized RBCs

68
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Varying cell size
* broad term - not typically used
* common in cats and bovine

69
Q

MCH

A

Weight of hemoglobin per RBC
* Hgb x 10 / RBC
* RBC = use single number before x10
* answer in pg
* less accurate than MCHC

70
Q

MCHC

A

Concentration of hemoglobin per RBC
* color of RBC
* Hgb x 100 / PCV
* answer in g/dL
* more accurate than MCH

71
Q

Hypochromasia

A

Decreased MCHC
* increased central pallor
* decreased hemoglobin
* iron deficiency
* increased reticulocytes present

72
Q

Hyperchromasia

A

Increased MCHC
* usually artifacts
* not a term used

73
Q

Normochromasia

A

Normal MCHC

74
Q

Reticulocytes

A
  • Immature RBCs
  • Called polychromatophils when stained
  • Assesses bone marrow response to anemia
  • Horses don’t release from bone marrow
  • Cats have two forms
75
Q

Cat Reticulocyte

A

Aggregate
* counted
* numerous, larger clumps

Punctate
* not counted
* single, smaller dots

76
Q

NRBCs

A

Nucleated RBCs that interfere with WBC count
* correct WBC count when 5 NRBCs are seen
* (WBC Count x 100) / (100 + NRBC Count)
* normally seen in bird and reptile blood

77
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Anuclear cytoplasmic fragments from bone marrow megakaryocytes
* nucleated in non-mammalian species
* may be in clumps (cats)
* mutiple average number per 10 fields by 20,000

78
Q

RBC Formation

A

Rouleaux
* RBCs arranged like stacks of coins
* common in horses and cats
* increase = inflammation or neoplasia
* separates with saline

79
Q

RBC Formation

A

Agglutination
* clumping of RBCs
* seen with IMHA
* will not disperse with saline

80
Q

RBC Inclusion

A

Basophilic Stippling
* variable size and number of blue granules throughout RBC
* see with lead poisoning
* sign of regeneration

81
Q

RBC Inclusions

A

Heinz Bodies
* single protrusion from RBC edge
* oxidative injury - denaturing of hemoglobin
* associated with hemolytic anemia

82
Q

RBC Inclusion

A

Howell Jolly Bodies
* singular, round inclusion within RBC
* remnant
* sign of regeneration

83
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Variation in RBC shape
* general term
* common in swine, goats, and cattle

84
Q

RBC Infectious Agent

A

Cytauxzoon felis
* oval / ring-shaped inclusion
* blue nucleus

85
Q

RBC Infectious Agent

A

Babesia
* oval/round or teardrop shaped inclusions

86
Q

RBC Infectious Agent

A

Trypanosoma

87
Q
A

Acanthocytes
* “spur cells”
* varying number of unevenly spaced blunt projections
* see with liver diseases

88
Q
A

Keratocyte
* “blister cell”
* oxidative injury
* iron deficiency

89
Q
A

Dacrocyte
* teardrop shaped
* bone marrow disorders
* iron deficiency in ruminants
* kidney and splenic disorders in dogs

90
Q
A

Eccentrocyte
* oxidative injury
* hemolytic diseases

91
Q
A

Echinocytes
* “burr cells”
* evenly spaced blunt projections
* renal disease
* rattle snake bites

92
Q
A

Ghost Cells
* devoid of hemoglobin
* results from recent intravascular hemolysis

93
Q
A

Leptocytes
* target cells = codocytes
* bar cells = knizocytes
* liver conditions
* iron deficiency
* IMHA

94
Q
A

Schistocytes
* RBC fragments
* intravascular shearing
* DIC
* iron deficiency

95
Q
A

Spherocytes
* IMHA

96
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Most numerous WBC
  • Second numerous in cattle
  • Called heterophils in avians and reptiles
  • Called pseudoeosinophils in rabbits and rodents
97
Q
A

Pelger Huet Anomaly
* hyposegmented, bilobed WBC
* can be neutrophils or eosinophils
* nonpathological disease or result of chemo

98
Q
A

Dohle Body
* small, blue/grey inclusion
* mild toxemia
* more common in cats and horses

99
Q

Lymphocytes
Cattle

A

More lymphocytes present than neutrophils

100
Q

TP

A

Combination of proteins produced by the liver
* globulin = larger than albumin and vary in size
* albumin = most abundant
* abnormals = diseases in tissues that deal with proteins

101
Q

Total Protein
Hypo vs Hyper

A

Hyperproteinemia
* dehydration
* inflammation
* neoplasia

Hypoproteinemia
* loss of protein

102
Q

Primary Hemostasis

A
  • Interactions between platelets and vessel walls
  • Disorders cause prolonged bleeding, petechia, ecchymosis (bruising)
  • Lab Tests: Platelet Count and BMBT
103
Q

Secondary Hemostasis

A

Involves coagulation factors
* proteins produced primarily by liver
* disorders = delayed hemorrhage, large hematomas, internal bleeding
* extrinsic vs intrinsic vs common
* lab tests = ACT, aPTT, PT

104
Q

Extrinsic Pathway

A
  • Initiates coagulation cascade
  • Test PT evaluates this
105
Q

ACT and aPTT
Pathways

A
  • Intrinsic
  • Common

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