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VTNE Review > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Controlled Drugs

A

Drugs with potential to be abused
* regulated by both FDA and DEA
* classified as CI - CV
* CI have no applicable medical use

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2
Q

Five Rights

A

Drug administration should include the right:
1. drug
2. time
3. route
4. amount
5. patient

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3
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drugs and how it moves within the body
* absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)

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4
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Relationship of drugs ability for desired effect compared to toxic effect
* TI = LD (lethal dose) / ED (effective dose)
* higher TI = safer drug

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5
Q

First-Pass Effect

A

Drugs given orally travel to liver before reaching systemic circulation
* removed before affecting rest of body
* if doing extensively, drug should not be given orally

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6
Q

Pharmadynamics

A

What the drug does to the body and how it works
* effects of drug
* concentration-effect relationship
* mechanism of action

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7
Q

Drugs and Receptor Sites

A
  • Agonist = causes reaction
  • Antagonist = prevents reaction
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8
Q

Antimicrobial Drugs

A

Most commonly prescribed drug in vet med
* -cidal = kill
* -static = inhibit

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9
Q

Analgesic Drugs
Categories

A
  • Opioids
  • Nonsteroidal
  • NSAIDs
  • Local Anesthetics
  • Alpha 2 Agnoists
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10
Q

Opioids

A

Most common analgesic drug in vet med
* receptors: mu, kappa, delta
* partial vs pure/full

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11
Q

Pure Agonist Opioids

A

Stimulate all opioid receptors
* mainly mu receptors

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12
Q

Partial Agonist Opioids

A

Bind to opioid receptors but less effective than pure

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13
Q

Pure Anatagonist Opioids

A

Attach to but do not activate opioid receptors
* includes reverse agents for opioids

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14
Q

NSAIDs

A

Block prostaglandin formation via inhibition of Cox-1 and Cox-2
* cats do not metabolize as well - short term use but not chronic (meloxicam and onsior)
* dogs and cats = give mainly PO, some SC
* large animals = give IV
* common adverse effect = GI ulcers

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15
Q

Local Anesthetics

A

Only agents capable of completely blocking pain
* prevents signal from reaching CNS

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16
Q

Alpha 2 Agonist Drugs

A

Primarily cause sedation, but have some analgesic effects
* provide analgesia during all 4 pain pathways
* analgesia duration not as long as sedation

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17
Q

Pain Pathways

A
  • Transduction
  • Transmission
  • Modulation
  • Perception
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18
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Block actions of acetylcholine
* atropine
* glycopyrrolate

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19
Q

Neuromuscular Blocks

A

Cause skeletal muscle paralysis
* no effect on smooth or cardiac muscles

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20
Q

Atropine

A
  • Anticholinergic
  • Treats AV block
  • Not effective in rabbits
  • Treats organophosphate poisoning
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21
Q

Opioid
Common Drugs

A
  • Butorphanol
  • Buprenorphine
  • Fentanyl
  • Hydromorphone
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22
Q

Ketamine

A
  • Dissociative agent
  • Maintains reflexes and muscle tone - combine with other drugs to counter this
  • Give IV or IM
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23
Q

Alfaxalone

A
  • Steroid anesthetic
  • Used for induction and maintenance
  • Given IV (IM off label)
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24
Q

Tiletamine / Telazol

A
  • Dissociative / Benzodiazepine anesthetic
  • Can be used alone for induction
  • Similar effects to Ketamine
  • Given IM (IV off label)
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25
Q

Diazepam

A
  • Mild tranquilizer
  • Can cause excitement and muscle relaxation
  • Combine with Ketamine for induction - does not mix well with other drugs
  • Can stimulate appetites in cats
  • Not absorbed well IM
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26
Q

Midazolam

A
  • Similar effects to Diazepam
  • Can be mixed with other drugs
  • Able to be given IM
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27
Q

Acepromazine

A
  • Phenothiazine drug
  • Major tranquilizer
  • Long acting
  • No reversal
  • Stings if given IM
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28
Q

Dexmedetomidine

A

Also called Dexdomitor
* Alpha 2 Agonist
* True sedative
* Provides analgesia
* Significant cardiovascular effect

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29
Q

Xylazine

A

Trade Name: Rompun
* alpha 2 agonist
* used in large animal for sedation

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30
Q

Phenobarbital

A
  • Drug of choice for idiopathic epilepsy
  • May be used for status seizures
  • Long lasting
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31
Q

Levetiracetam

A

Trade Name: Keppra
* treats status epilepticus

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32
Q

Bromides

A

Sodium or Potassium
* not FDA approved in US
* manages idiopathic epilepsy
* not commonly used for cats

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33
Q

Zonisamide

A

Used for refractory epilepsy

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34
Q

Guaifenesin

A
  • Muscle relaxant
  • Used for induction in large animals
  • Expectorant (cough medicine) when given orally
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35
Q

Methocarbamol

A
  • Skeletal muscle relaxant
  • May cause sedation
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36
Q

Adrenergic Agents

A

Mimic effects of sympathetic nervous system
* alpha or beta receptors
* some drugs act on both receptors

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37
Q

Sympathomimetic Agents

A
  • Adrenergic agent
  • Mimics effects of SNS
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38
Q

Sympatholytic Agents

A
  • Adrenergic agent
  • Blocks actions of SNS
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39
Q

Cardiovascular Drug
Types

A
  • Antiarrhythmics
  • Diuretics
  • Positive Inotropes
  • Vasodilators
  • ACE Inhibitors
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40
Q

Antiarrhythmics

A

Cardiovascular Drug
* restore normal impulse conduction
* consist of 4 classes

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41
Q

Antiarrhythmics
Class I

A

Treat ventricular arrhythmias

42
Q

Antiarrhythmics
Class II

A

Slow conduction velocity through AV node
* considered beta blockers (antagonists)

43
Q

Antiarrhythmics
Class III

A
  • Raise ventricular fibrillation threshold
  • Suppress fatal ventricular arrhythmias
44
Q

Antiarrhythmics
Class IV

A
  • Slow conduction through SA and AV nodes
  • Prolong AV node refractory period
45
Q

Diuretics

A

Reduce edema and effusion associated with chronic heart failure
* create osmotic force in renal tubules to draw in water and promote excretion in urine
* Furosemide (Lasix) = loop diuretic
* Spironolactone = potassium-sparing

46
Q

Positive Inotropes

A

Cardiovascular Drugs
* increase myocardial contractility (strength of contraction)

47
Q

Digoxin

A

Treats CHF and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
* positive inotrope

48
Q

Pimobendan

A

Manages CHF secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy / chronic mitral valve insufficiency
* trade name: Vetmedin
* positive inotrope

49
Q

Epinephrine

A

Main drug used in CPR for ventricular asystole
* adrenergic

50
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Primary drug recommended to treat sepsis
* must be diluted
adrenergic

51
Q

Glycopyrrolate

A

Anticholinergic
* treats sinus bradycardia or AV block
* slower onset than atropine

52
Q

Amlodipine

A
  • Vasodilator
  • Treats hypertension in cats
  • Caution to use in those with heart failure or cardiogenic shock
53
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
* cardiovascular drugs
* used to treat CHF and systemic hypertension
* Benazapril and Enalapril

54
Q

Lidocaine

A
  • Mainly used as a local anesthetic
  • Given IV - treatment for ventricular tachycardia
55
Q

Respiratory Drugs
Classes

A
  • Antitussives
  • Expectorants
  • Mucolytics
  • Bronchodilators
56
Q

Antitussives

A

Suppress coughs
* not to be used if mucus or productive cough
* narcotic vs non-narcotic

57
Q

Antitussives
Categories

A

Narcotics
* Butorphanol
* Codeine
* Hydrocodone

Non-Narcotic
* Dextromethorphan (Robitussin)

58
Q

Expectorants

A

Increase volume of respiratory secretions
* easier to expell when coughed up
* Guaifenesin is available OTC as cough medicine

59
Q

Mucolytics

A

Respiratory drugs that reduce viscosity of secretions

60
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Reduce bronchospasms and make it easier to breath
* albuterol

61
Q

Chlorpromazine

A
  • Phenothiazine
  • Antiemetic that works on both the CNS and PNS
62
Q

Omeprazole

A

Antiulcer Drug
* reduces gastric acid

63
Q

Metoclopramide

A
  • Prokinetic - stimulates GI
  • Don’t use if GI obstruction
  • Also has antiemetic properties
64
Q

Lomotil

A
  • Antidiarrheal opiate
  • Reduces gut motility
  • Small amount of Atropine present - helps reduce narcotic effects
  • Class V controlled
65
Q

Apomorphine

A

Emetic Drug
* if initial dose is not effective do not give more
* more does not mean effective and can induce toxicity

66
Q

Ursodiol

A

Increases the flow of bile

67
Q

Fiber

A

Bulk-producing agents
* increase water content in stool
* stimulates peristalsis of GI tract

68
Q

Ivermectin

A
  • Heartworm prevention
  • Internal parasites - except cestodes and liver flukes
  • Collies and similar breeds may have adverse reactions
69
Q

Selamectin

A
  • Revolution (Topical)
  • Fleas and Ear Mites
  • Heartworm
  • Sarcoptic Mange
  • Hookworm and Roundworms in cats
  • Safe for collies sensitive to Ivermectin
70
Q

Milbemycin Oxime

A
  • Interceptor or Sentinel
  • Heartworm prevention - may cause shock if large infestation
  • Hooks, Rounds, and Whips
71
Q

Lufenuron

A

Interrupts flea life cycle

72
Q

Capstar

A

Kills majority of adult fleas within short period of time

73
Q

Amitraz

A

Topical treatment of Demodex
* can be toxic to cats and rabbits

74
Q

Benzimidazole

A
  • Panacur / Fenbendazole
  • Treats rounds, some tapes and lungs
  • Large and small strongyles
75
Q

Praziquantel

A
  • Droncit
  • Treats tapeworms
76
Q

Pyrantel

A

Ingredient in Heartgard
* protects against rounds and hooks

77
Q

Immiticide

A

Treatment for heartworm
* thromboembolism possible after treatment
* increased activity increases this risk

78
Q

Reproductive Drug
Hormones

A
  • Estrogens
  • Progestins
  • Prostaglandins
  • Oxytocin
79
Q

Estrogens

A
  • Horses: induce estrus during off-season breeding
  • Spayed Dogs: treat conditions like urinary incontinence
80
Q

Progestins

A

Regulates estrous cycle
* return back to normal cycle
* skip / prevent a cycle

81
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Lysis corpus luteum
* starts new estrous cycle or causes abortion

82
Q

Oxytocin

A

Causes uterine contraction and milk letdown
* not helpful if cervix not dilated

83
Q

Vasopressin

A
  • Pituitary hormone
  • Diagnosis and treatment of diabetes insipidus
  • Also can treat refractory shock and CPR
84
Q

Vetoryl

A
  • Milotane / Trilostane
  • Treats hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)
85
Q

Selegiline

A
  • Anipryl
  • Treats hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)
  • Also helps canine cognitive dysfunction
86
Q

Insulin Syringes

A

Use either U-100 or U-40
* use what is recommended
* U-100 insulin measured in U-40 syringe = 2.5 times overdose

87
Q

Forms of Insulin

A
  • Regular
  • NPH
  • PZI
  • Glargine / Detemir
88
Q

Regular Insulin

A
  • Short acting
  • Used when rapid drop of blood sugar needed
  • Can be given IV, IM, SC
89
Q

NPH Insulin

A
  • Neutral insulin
  • Intermediate acting
  • Controls daily diabetes mellitus
  • Given SC
90
Q

PZI Insulin

A
  • Zinc insulin
  • Long acting
  • Used in cats who need slower release of insulin to get through the 24 hour period
91
Q

Glargine / Detemir Insulin

A
  • Long acting
  • Closely resembles physiological insulin
  • Given SC
92
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decreased thyroid function
* primary = thyroid gland diseased
* secondary = pituitary gland diseased

93
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid function is increased
* thyroidectomy usual treatment
* radioactive iodine = kills tumor cells in thyroid gland along with normal cells

94
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
* hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)
* use with NSAIDs increases risk of GI ulcers

95
Q

Types of Vaccines

A

Killed
* safest
* less effective than other forms

Modified-Live / Live
* more effective
* more likely to induce disease / be dangerous to pregnant animals

96
Q

Ophthalmic Agents

A
  • Mydriatics = dilate pupil
  • Miotics = constricts pupil
  • Cyclosporine = increase tear production
  • Do not use those with steriods if ulcer present
97
Q

Neutraceuticals

A
  • Non-drug substance
  • Do not require testing by FDA
98
Q

Atipamezole

A

Antisedan
* reversal of Dexmedetomidine (dexdomitor)

99
Q

Calcium EDTA

A

Treats lead poisoning

100
Q

Flumazenil

A

Reverses benzodiazepines

101
Q

Naloxone

A

Trade Name: Narcan
* reversal for opioids

102
Q

Yohimbine

A

Reversal of Xylazine

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