Immunology and Virology

Question 1

Innate / Nonspecific Immunity

Answer 1

• Immunity we are born with
• Physical or chemical barriers for antigens - all treated the same
• Occurs immediately on antigen entry - antibody production takes days
• Involves humoral and cell-mediated systems (inflammatory)

Question 2

Innate / Nonspecific Immunity
Cause of C/S

Answer 2

Primarily caused by histamine release from mast cells

Question 3

Adaptive / Specific Immunity

Answer 3

• Response of body’s defense to antigen
• Antibodies produced - highly specific
• Memory created - reacts faster and stronger in the future
• Not activated if innate / specific immunity is successful
• Primary vs Secondary response

Question 4

Antibodies

Answer 4

• Noncellular components of adaptive immune response
• Bind to parts of antigens - neutralize them
• 5 classes - called immunoglobulins

Question 5

Ig M

Answer 5

Secreted from stimulated B cells during primary immune response to antigens
* large size
* confined to vascular system

Question 6

Ig G

Answer 6

See during secondary immune responses
* produced by most plasma cells
* crosses placental barrier - gives short-term immunity to newborn
* measured with newborn foals between 12-24 hours of birth - failure of passive transfer

Question 7

Ig A

Answer 7

Produced from lymph nodes that drain into GI, urogenital tract, or conjunctiva
* found in body secretions
* binds to invader - makes them too large to go through MM

Question 8

Ig E

Answer 8

Found in small levels in plasma
* boosts local inflammatory reactions
* excess = damage to body

Question 9

Ig E
Reaction Locations

Answer 9

• Localized = allergy
• Systemically = hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)

Question 10

Ig D

Answer 10

Antigen receptor for B cells
* found on lymphocyte membranes

Question 11

Primary Immune Response

Answer 11

Very first time adaptive response occurs
* caused by disease or first vaccine
* slow, takes several days to be clinical
* weak - low antibody titer

Question 12

Secondary Immune Response

Answer 12

Second or subsequent encounter with antigen
* caused by disease or booster vaccines
* strong response - antibody titer higher than before

Question 13

Acquired Immunity

Answer 13

Occurs after birth

Question 14

Natural Immunity

Answer 14

Without medical intervention

Question 15

Artifical Immunity

Answer 15

Medically induced

Question 16

Active Immunity

Answer 16

Own immune system produces antibodies
* long-term immunity
* also called seroconversion

Question 17

Passive Immunity

Answer 17

Immune system not stimulated to produce antibodies
* antibodies “donated”
* short-term immunity - antibodies will be quickly cleared from body with no replacements

Question 18

Hypersensitivity

Answer 18

Occur with inappropriate or inadequate immune responses
* 4 types
* more than 1 type can occur at once

Question 19

Hypersensitivity
Type 1

Answer 19

Excess Ig E produced
* genetic based = atopy
* increased antibodies = increased mast cell degranulation = increased histamine release

Question 20

Hypersensitivity
Type 2

Answer 20

Antibodies produced against own cell that are then lysed
* autoimmune disorder

Question 21

Hypersensitivity
Type 3

Answer 21

Antibodies bind to antigen and form large groups in body tissue
* produces inflammation and necrosis at these sites

Question 22

Hypersensitivity
Type 4

Answer 22

Results from actions of cell-mediated immunity
* area where allergen is gets infiltrated
* granuloma forms

Question 23

Congenital, Cell-mediated Immunodeficiency

Answer 23

Decrease of all cellular elements
* neutrophils especially
* very low resistance to infection occurs

Question 24

Congenital, Humoral Immunodeficiency

Answer 24

Inability to produce certain classes of antibody

Question 25

Killed / Inactivated Vaccines

Answer 25

Organisms used to produce vaccine are killed
* safe and stable
* require repeated dosing to keep protective immunity
* immunity may be weak - effects of killing organism
* adjuvants often added

Question 26

Adjuvants

Answer 26

Compounds to help boost immune response
* can cause severe reactions at injection site

Question 27

Attenuated-Live and MLV

Answer 27

• MLV = modified live vaccine
• Contain live, but weakened organisms
• Strong and long-lasting immunity

Question 28

Recombinant Vaccines

Answer 28

Produced via DNA
* high degree of efficacy and safety
* types: subunit, gene deleted, vectored

Question 29

Monoclonal Vaccines

Answer 29

Produce immunity directly against a specific pathogen only

Question 30

Polyvalent Vaccines

Answer 30

Produce immunity directly against more than one pathogen at the same time
* “way” vaccines (3-way, 4-way) - depends on how many diseases they protect fromt
* contain mix of antigens

Question 31

Antigenic Drift

Answer 31

See with viruses
* genomes mutated
* antibodies from previous vaccines no longer able to bind - become useless
* patient no longer has immunity to disease

Question 32

Viruses

Answer 32

• Not cellular
• Obligate intracellular parasites
• Smallest = parvovirus
• Largest = poxvirus

Question 33

Viruses
Classification

Answer 33

Classified on the basis of
* shape
* composition of genome
* enveloped or not

Question 34

Virus Envelope

Answer 34

Lipid membrane that surrounds virus
* easily killed

Question 35

“Naked Virus”

Answer 35

Virus does not have an envelope
* harder to kill
* bind to receptor sites - digest membrane to enter cells

Question 36

Virus Replication
Stages

Answer 36

• Attachment
• Penetration Uncoating
• Replication
• Assembly Release

Question 37

Oncogenesis

Answer 37

Cells infected from viruses transform and result in neoplasia
* have potential for malignancy