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VTNE Review > Genetics and Neonatal Care > Flashcards

Genetics and Neonatal Care Flashcards

1
Q

Alleles

A

Forms of a gene
* heterozygous = 2 alleles differ for a gene
* homozygous = 2 alleles identical for a gene

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2
Q

Gene Expressions

A
  • Dominant = gene always expressed
  • Recessive = gene only expressed when homozygous
  • Co-dominance = both genes express, become new blended form
  • Epistatic = genes modify or prevent other genes
  • Incomplete dominance = both genes express together
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3
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Two individuals that differ for a single trait
* 1 dominant and 1 recessive gene each
* chance for 50% of offspring being either heterozygous or homozygous
* change that 75% of offspring will express dominant gene and 25% will express recessive gene

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4
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Two individuals that differ for two traits
* 2 dominant and 2 recessive genes for each
* results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio
* 9 will show both dominant traits, 3 will show one of the dominant traits, 1 will have both recessive traits

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5
Q

Inheritance Patterns

A

Based on location of gene and whether is it dominant or recessive
* sex-linked = genes located on sex chromosomes X and Y
* autosomal = all other genes

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6
Q

X-Linked Recessive
Carrier Females

A
  • Gene on X-linked chromosome
  • Carrier females = heterozygous for gene; unaffected
  • Sons from carrier females have 1:1 chance of expressing
  • Affected males will pass on to all daughters, never to sons
  • Unaffected males never transmit
  • ex: colorblindness
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7
Q

X-Linked Recessive
Males vs Females

A
  • Males with X-linked recessive gene will always express it
  • Females need to be homozygous for X-linked recessive gene to express
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8
Q

Test Cross
Breeding

A

Used to identify an unknown gene
* unknown bred with a homozygous recessive
* offspring help determine

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9
Q

Backcross
Breeding

A
  • F1 = offspring bred from two purebred parents
  • Backcross = F1 bred to one with identical genes as parent
  • No relation
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10
Q

Outbreeding

A
  • Also called random breeding
  • Helps keep gene pool as large as possible
  • Breeding done between unrelated individuals
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11
Q

Assortative Breeding

A
  • Breeding of those with similar genes
  • Specific gene characteristics are chosen to help pass on to offspring
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12
Q

Inbreeding

A
  • Breeding of closely related individuals
  • Increases similarities in offspring
  • Produced after 20 or more consecutive inbred matings
  • Chance to express lethal genes
  • Inbred depression = more poor genes begin showing
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13
Q

Heterosis / Hybrid Vigor
Breeding

A
  • Two different inbred strains are crossed
  • Resulting offspring is an F1 generation
  • Cannot breed two F1 individuals together - results in variable genes
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14
Q

Line Breeding

A

System of inbreeding to guarantee similar traits in offspring
* genes chosen from one or more exceptional members of the line to pass on

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15
Q

Transgenic Strains

A
  • Altering of the genetic makeup of a developing embryo
  • First generation of transgenic breeding = F0; founders
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16
Q

Translocation

A
  • Breakage of two chromosomes
  • Repairs in abnormal arrangement
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17
Q

Duplication

A

Allele is duplicated
* ex: Down syndrome

18
Q

Lethal Genes

A

Gene that will cause death of embryo, death after birth, or serious impairment
* semilethal = abnormal traits
* expressed as homozygous, generally in F2 generations
* most are recessive genes

19
Q

Incomplete Dominance
Lethal Gene

A
  • Homozygous dominant individuals will die
  • Heterozygous individuals will show clinical signs
20
Q

Incomplete Dominance
Lethal Gene
Example

A

Manx Cats
* M = lethal gene, m = normal gene
* MM = lethal; kittens die
* Mm = manx cats (no tails)
* mm = normal cats

21
Q

Feline
Estrous / Gestation

A
  • Seasonally polyestrous
  • Induced ovulation
  • Gestation = 63 days
22
Q

Feline
Pregnancy Determinations

A
  • Palpation = 15-30 days
  • Ultrasound = 16-32 days (heartbeats)
  • Radiograph = 43 days
23
Q

Canine
Estrous / Gestation

A
  • Nonseasonal - no true cycle
  • Estrus occurs twice per year
  • Gestation = 63 days
24
Q

Estrous Cycle
Proestrus

A
  • Vulva swollen with discharge
  • Males attracted but not accepted by female
  • Noncornified squamous epithelial cells
25
Q

Estrous Cycle
Estrus

A
  • Clear discharge
  • Females accept males
  • Cornified squamous epithelial cells
  • Ovulation 2-4 days after stage starts
  • Metestrus occurs at the end, but no specific timing
26
Q

Estrous Cycle
Diestrus

A
  • Males no longer accepted
  • Abrupt decrease in cornified cells towards end of estrus - become noncornified
27
Q

Estrous Cycle
Anestrus

A
  • Sexual inactivity between cycles
  • Difficult to differentiate from diestrus via cytology
28
Q

Canine
Pregnancy Determinations

A
  • Palpation = 3-4 weeks
  • Ultrasound = 24-28 days
  • Hormone (relaxin) = 25-30 days post ovulation
  • Radiograph = 43 days
29
Q

Equine
Estrous / Gestation

A
  • Seasonally polyestrous - spring to autumn
  • Can induce estrous by increasing light exposure
  • Gestation = 335 days or 11 months
30
Q

Equine
Pregnancy Determination

A
  • Transrectal Ultrasound = 14 days
  • Progesterone Test = 18-21 days
31
Q

Q Fever

A
  • Caused by Coxiella burnetii (rickettsial organism)
  • Causes abortions
  • Zoonotic from infected material
32
Q

Bovine
Estrous / Gestation

A
  • Nonseasonal Polyestrous 7-18 months
  • Gestation = 278 days or 9 months
33
Q

Bovine
Pregnancy Determinations

A
  • Rectal palpation = 30 days
  • Rectal ultrasound = 24 days
34
Q

Bovine
Free Martin

A

Female twin of a male cafe
* infertile
* hermaphrodite

35
Q

Brucellosis

A
  • Causes abortions, weak kids, mastitis in goats
  • Caused by Brucella melitensis or ovis
  • B. melitensis causes Malta fever in humans
  • Shed via body secretions
36
Q

Caprine
Estrous / Gestation

A

Goats
* seasonally polyestrous - fall and winter
* induced estrous with light manipulation
* gestation = 149 days

37
Q

Caprine
Estrous Cycle Control

A
  • Buck effect - bring male with odor to female
  • Prostaglandins = induce ovulation
  • Progestins = delay ovulation
38
Q

Ovine
Estrous / Gestation

A

Sheep
* seasonally polyestrous - fall and winter
* can induce va light manipulation
* gestation = 145-155 days or 5 months

39
Q

Ovine
Estrous Control

A
  • Whitten Effect - ram introduced just before breeding season to jump start cycle
  • Flushing - increased dietary intake
40
Q

Porcine
Estrous / Gestation

A

Pigs
* nonseasonal polyestrous
* gestation = 114 days or 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days

VTNE Review (31 decks)

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