Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VTNE Review > Pain Management > Flashcards

Pain Management Flashcards

1
Q

Pain

A

Pain is the perception of nociception (occurs in brain)
* considered to be the 4th vital sign
* pain vs dysphoria
* inhalation agents = only block perception pathway
* local anesthetics = completely block pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dysphoria

A

Mental / emotional state where patient has intense feelings and becomes indifferent / unresponsive to surroundings
* related to stress, not pain
* clear sign is patient not responding to being calmed down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nociception

A
  • Occurs in periphery
  • Processes info on stimuli
  • Transmits info to brain (perceived as pain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pain Pathway

A
  • Transduction
  • Transmission
  • Modulation
  • Perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Transduction

A

Afferent nerve endings translate stimulus info to nociceptive impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Transmission

A

Impulses sent to spinal cord (dorsal horn)
* further sent along tract to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Modulation

A

Primarily takes place in spinal cord (dorsal horn)
* also occurs elsewhere within nervous system and midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adaptive Pain

A

Acute Pain
* sudden onset, usually with a known cause
* “good pain” = able to be treated / controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Maladaptive Pain

A

Chronic Pain
* persists beyond normal healing time
* unknown cause
* “bad pain” = pain nerve endings become necrotic over time with repeated stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Maladaptive Pain State
* pain response associated with peripheral nerve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pain Wind-Up

A

Perceived increase to pain intensity over time
* painful stimulus given repeatedly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pain Management with Surgery

A

Goal is to decrease pain with analgesics and maintain safe plane of anesthesia
* aggressive analgesics = decreased persistent pain after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Analgesia and Pain
Three Principles

A
  1. Preemptive Analgesia - give drugs before anticipated pain to get ahead of controlling it
  2. Multimodal Analgesia - combination of drugs to provide longer effects and cover more areas
  3. Analgesia Drug Duration - continue as long as pain is present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Palliative Care

A

Any form of care / treatment that focuses on reducing severity of symptoms
* does not look to stop or delay the progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Opioids
Effects

A
  • Analgesic: reduces perception / reaction to pain; increases tolerance
  • Sedation
  • Depresses RR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Opioids
Agonists

A

Bind to receptor and trigger response
* most common opioids are these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Opioids
Partial Agonists

A

Bind to receptors but only create a partial response
* buprenorphine
* butorphanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Opioids
Antagonists

A

Binding to receptor does not cause response, but blocks effects of agonists
* naloxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Morphine

A
  • Opioid
  • Stimulates vomiting centers
  • Increases intraocular / cranial pressures
  • Depresses RR, cough, and vascular tone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fentanyl

A
  • Opioid
  • Potent and short-acting
  • Dogs and Rabbits = bradycardia (fix with anticholinergics)
  • Depresses RR and intracranial pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Methadone

A
  • Opioid (synthetic)
  • Used as analgesic and antitussive
  • Preanesthetic in dogs and cats
  • Less histamine release than morphine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxymorphone

A
  • Opioid (semisynthetic)
  • Analgesic - more potent than morphine
  • Cannot be used with horses
  • Does not suppress cough or depress RR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hydromorphone

A
  • Opioid
  • Similar potency to oxymorphone
  • Can combine with acepromazine or midazolam to increase sedation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Butorphanol

A
  • Opioid (synthetic)
  • Agonist and Antagonist properties
  • Mild, short-acting analgesia
  • Suppresses cough
  • Depresses RR
25
Q

Buprenorphine

A
  • Opioid
  • Agonist-Antagonist
  • Analgesic - more potent than morphine
  • Depress RR and sedates
26
Q

Tramadol

A
  • Opioid
  • Most prescribed centrally acting analgesic
  • Less potent than morphine
27
Q

NSAIDs

A

Nonsteriodal Antiinflammatory Drugs
* antipyretic (no fever) / analgesic / antiinflammatory
* avoid with dehydration / hypovolemia / hypotension
* given SID

28
Q

COX-1 vs COX-2

A

Create prostaglandins (cause pain) and get inhibited by NSAIDs
* COX-1: help maintain normal organ function
* COX-2: contribute to inflammation

29
Q

Carprofen

A
  • NSAID
  • COX-2 selective
  • Potent analgesic and antiinflammatory
30
Q

Meloxicam

A
  • NSAID
  • COX-2 selective
  • Safer than COX-1 inhibitors
31
Q

Robenacoxib

A
  • NSAID
  • Also called Onsior
  • Post-op pain and inflammation in cats
  • Take only for 3 days
32
Q

Galliprant

A
  • NSAID
  • Non-COX inhibiting
  • Specifically blocks receptor for OA pain and inflammation in dogs
33
Q

Alpha 2 Agonists

A
  • Some effective analgesia - minimal side effect via epidural route
  • Can combine with opioids for sedation +/- anesthesia
  • Not recommended for post-op due to sedation
  • Causes vomiting
  • Depresses HR
34
Q

Xylazine

A
  • Alpha 2 Agonist
  • Depresses HR - can cause 2nd degree AV block
  • Reversed with Yohimbine
35
Q

Dexmedetomidine

A
  • Alpha 1 Agonist
  • Also called Dexdomitor
  • Potent sedation
  • Depresses HR / Increases BP
36
Q

Sileo

A
  • Alpha 2 Agonist
  • Oral dexmedetomidine for dogs
  • Put on MM - not to be swallowed
37
Q

Flumazenil

A

Reverses Diazepam / Midazolam
* blocks CNS effects of benzodiazepines
* no adverse cardiac effects

38
Q

Atipamezole

A

Reversal for Alpha 2 Agonists
* rapid IV = hypotension and tachycardia

39
Q

Nalorphine

A

Reversal for Morphine

40
Q

Naloxone

A

Reversal for Opioids
* reverses respiratory depression and analgesia

41
Q

NMDA Antagonist

A

Ketamine
* provides some analgesia
* does not affect BP

42
Q

SSNRIs

A

Selective Serotonin / Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
* antidepressants

43
Q

Amitriptyline

A
  • SSNRI
  • Gold standard for analgesic antidepressants
  • Used for FLUTD (cats) and plucking (birds)
44
Q

Trazodone

A
  • SSNRI (mild one)
  • Also treats anxiety disorders
45
Q

Epinephrine

A

Can be added to local anesthetics
* produces vasoconstriction - keeps drug in longer and reduces bleeding

46
Q

Nerve Blocks

A

Anesthetize somatic motor nerves
* relaxes skeletal muscles
* never injected into nerve - can cause damage (get as close as possible)
* done aseptically

47
Q

Dental Blocks

A
  • Infraorbital
  • Maxillary
  • Middle Mental
  • Inferior Alveolar
48
Q

Dental Block

A

Infraorbital Regional Block
* rostral maxillary
* affects top and bottom on affected side
* teeth: I, C, first 3 PM

49
Q

Dental Block

A

Maxillary Regional Block
* caudal maxillary
* left vs right side affected
* all bones, teeth, and soft tissue of side affected

50
Q

Dental Block

A

Middle Mental Regional Block
* rostral mandibular
* left vs right side affected
* teeth: C, I, first 3 PM

51
Q

Dental Block

A

Inferior Alveolar Regional Block
* caudal mandibular
* left vs right side
* blocks all teeth / bone / tissue on side

52
Q

CRI
Opioids

A

Potent analgesia - used for moderate to severe pain
* low dose CRI = less sedation / excitement

53
Q

CRI
Lidocaine

A

Useful for analgesia in dogs - for GI pain
* controversial use in cats
* possible cardiac depression

54
Q

CRI
Ketamine

A

Used as a low dose CRI
* reduces response and makes pain easier to control

55
Q

CRI
Alpha 2 Agonists

A
  • Reduced sedation as CRI
  • Reversible effects
  • Combined with opioid CRI
56
Q

Massage Techniques

A
  • Effleurage
  • Petrissage
  • Friction
  • Tapotement
57
Q

Effleurage Technique

A

Puts pressure into the tissue
* long / short / deep strokes

58
Q

Petrissage Technique

A

Lifting / Pulling / Broadening
* increase circulation
* reduce stiffness

59
Q

Tapotement

A

Tapping on the tissue
* used to coupage the lungs (break up mucus)

VTNE Review (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions