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VTNE Review > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Divisions

A

Axial Skeleton
* vertebrae
* ribs
* skull
* sternum

Appendicular Skeleton
* all bones in limbs

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2
Q

Types of Bones

A

Compact Bone
* dense / solid
* provides strength and support

Spongy Bone
* cancellous
* large spaces filled with marrow

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3
Q

Osteoblast

A

Immature bone

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4
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell

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5
Q

Osteoclast

A

Dissolves bone matrix
* osteolysis

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6
Q

Classification of Bones

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Pneumatic
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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7
Q

A and B

A

A - Epiphysis
* proximal and distal ends of bone

B - Diaphysis
* bone shaft

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8
Q

D / G / H

A

D - Periosteum
* membrane covering outside of bone

G - Medullary Cavity
* center of bone containing marrow

H - Endosteum
* lines marrow cavity

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9
Q

E and F

A
  • E - Spongy Bone
  • F - Compact Bone
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10
Q

C and J

A

C - Articular Cartilage
* covers ends of bone

J - Epiphyseal Plate
* growth plate
* where bone grows in length

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11
Q

Long Bones

A

Main supporting bones of the body

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12
Q

Short Bones

A

Function as shock absorbers
* carpus / tarsus

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13
Q

Flat Bones

A

Protective function
* scapula
* ribs
* pelvis

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14
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Unpaired bones with complicated shapes
* vertebrae

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15
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Reduce friction along a joint
* small short bones attached to tendons
* patella

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16
Q

Missing Bone
Cat vs Dog

A

Clavicle found in cats, but not in dogs

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17
Q

Nonarticulating Bones

A
  • Male Dogs / Cats - os penis in penis
  • Cattls - os cordis in heart
  • Pigs - os rostri in snout
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18
Q

Joints
Classified by Function

A
  • Synarthrosis
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Diarthrosis
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19
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable Joint
* skull sutures

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20
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly Movable Joint
* pelvis
* vertebrae discs

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21
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely Movable Joint
* stifle
* all joints in the limb

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22
Q

Joints
Classified by Structure

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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23
Q

Fibrous Joint

A
  • United by fibrous tissue
  • No joint cavity
  • Synarthroses
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24
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • United by cartilage
  • No joint cavity
  • Amphiarthroses
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25
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
  • Synovial membrane and joint capsule present
  • Majority of joints in the body
  • Diarthroses
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26
Q

Flexor

A

Decreases angle of joint

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27
Q

Extensor

A

Increases angle of joint

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28
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System
* brain
* spinal cord

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29
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System
* all nerves connecting to CNS
* afferent vs efferent divisions

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30
Q

Brain
Parts

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
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31
Q

Cerebrum
Functions

A
  • Motor Control
  • Interpretation of Sensory Impulses
  • Areas of Association
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32
Q

Cerebrum
Lobes

A

Divded into 4 lobes
* frontal
* parietal
* occipital
* temporal

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33
Q

Diencephalon

A

Regions include
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus

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34
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Relay station for sensory impulses
  • Interprets some sensations
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35
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Regulates many homeostatic functions
  • Important connections with endocrine system
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36
Q

Brainstem
Parts

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medula Oblongata
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37
Q

Midbrain

A

Connecting link between forebrain (cerebrum) and hindbrain

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38
Q

Pons

A

Contain respiratory centers

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39
Q

Medula Oblongata
Influences

A
  • HR
  • RR
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
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40
Q

RAS

A

Reticular Activating System
* found throughout brainstem
* responsible for sleep-wake cycles

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41
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Coordination
  • Balance
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42
Q

Spinal Cord
Functions

A
  • Convey sensory nerve impulses from periphery to brain
  • Conduct motor nerver impulses from brain to periphery
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43
Q

Meninges
(layers)

A
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Pia Mater
  • Epidural Space
  • Subarachnoid Space
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44
Q

3

A

Dura Mater
* outer layer
* composed of dense, fibrous connective tissue

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45
Q

4

A

Arachnoid Mater
* also called Arachnoidea
* middle layer
* consists of very delicate and elastic connective tissue

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46
Q

5

A

Pia Mater
* transparent, delicate connective tissue
* contains tiny blood vessels
* adheres to surface of brain and spinal cord

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47
Q

1

A

Epidural Space
* between bone and dura mater
* contains loose connectve tissue, blood vessels, and fat

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48
Q

2

A

Subarachnoid Space
* CSF
* large blood vessels

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49
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid
* colorless, watery fluid
* cushions and nourishes brain
* pH and pressure are very important

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50
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Endotheial cells of brain capillaries form impermeable barrier
* protects brain from fluctuations in chemical levels within bloodstream

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51
Q

PNS Division
Afferent

A

Sensory Nerves
* carry impulses from receptors to CNS

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52
Q

PNS Division
Efferent

A

Motor Nerves
* carry impulses from CNS
* autonomic vs somatic systems

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53
Q

Autonomic System

A

All involuntary functions
* efferent impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, glands, and heart
* sympathetic vs parasympathetic

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54
Q

Somatic System

A

All voluntary functions
* efferent impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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55
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight-or-Flight
* releases adrenergic neurotransmitter (norephinephine)

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56
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Return body back to normal levels after sympathetic response
* releases cholinergic neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)

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57
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve Cell
* composed of dendrites, cell body, and axon
* impulses generated by action potentials - all or nothing principle
* covered in myelin

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58
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive impulses
* conduct impulses to cell body

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59
Q

Axon

A

Receives impulse from cell body
* leads impulse away to synapse

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60
Q

Action Potential

A

Depolarization followed by repolarization
* electrical charge of cell reversed
* returned to normal
* depolarize completely or not at all

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61
Q

Myelin

A

Insulative covering of nerve cells
* impulses transmit faster than with nonmyelinated fibers

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62
Q

Protective Layers of Heart

A
  • Pericardium
  • Endocardium
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63
Q

Pericardium

A

Double-walled membranous sac covering myocardium
* outer layer = fibrous (tough)
* inner layer = serous (delicate)

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64
Q

Pericardial Fluid

A

Reduces friction when the heart beats
* located in space between layers of serous pericardium

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65
Q

Endocardium

A

Serous membrane lining the inner chambers of heart

66
Q

Blood Flow
Through Heart

A
  • Vena Cava into heart
  • Right Atrium
  • Tricuspid Valve
  • Right Ventricle
  • Pulmonary Artery to lungs (deoxy)
  • Pulmonary Veins to heart (oxy)
  • Left Atrium
  • Bicuspid / Mitral Valve
  • Left Ventricle
  • Aorta
67
Q

Coronary Arteries vs Veins

A
  • Arteries = provide nutrients and oxygen
  • Veins = drain waste and CO2
68
Q

Cardiac Cycle
Components

A
  • SA Node
  • AV Node
  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje Fibers
69
Q

Lubb Dubb Sounds

A
  • Lubb: AV valve closes
  • Dubb: Semilunar valves close (aortic and pulmonary)
70
Q

ECG
P Wave

A

Electrical activity during atrial systole
* depolarization

71
Q

ECG
QRS Complex

A

Electrical activity during ventricular systole
* depolarization
* atrial diastole also occurs, but is masked

72
Q

ECG
T Wave

A

Electrical activity during ventricular diastole
* repolarization

73
Q

Arteries

A
  • Carry blood away from heart
  • Carry oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary artery)
  • Thicker and stronger than veins
74
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Smaller arteries
  • Lead to capillaries - regulate blood flow into them
75
Q

Capillaries

A

Exchange of oxygen and CO2 occurs here
* microscopic

76
Q

Veins

A
  • Larger than arteries
  • Thinner walls
  • Carry blood back to heart
  • Low BP - valves to prevent back flow
77
Q

Peristalsis

A

Moving food through the digestive tract via smooth muscle contractions

78
Q

Layers of GI Tract
(inner to outer)

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
79
Q

Monogastric
Stomach Regions

A
  • Esophageal
  • Cardiac
  • Fundic
  • Pyloric
80
Q

Fundic Region

A

True body of the stomach
* contains true gastic glands

81
Q

Chyme

A

Liquid in the stomach after food is mixed with digestive secretions and reduced

82
Q

Ruminant Stomach
(4 compartments)

A
  • Rumen
  • Reticulum
  • Omasum
  • Abomasum
83
Q

Number of “Stomachs”

A
  • Four: cattle, sheep, goats
  • Three: llamas
84
Q

Rumen

A

Also called “Fermentation Vat”
* largest compartment
* churns food

85
Q

Reticulum

A

Also called “Hardware Compartment”
* most cranial, but not separate from rumen
* “honeycomb”
* usual site for FB objects
* passes food along

86
Q

Omasum

A
  • Grinds up food and absorbs water
  • resembles leaves (many layers)
87
Q

Abomasum

A

True glandular stomach
* mixes food with enzymes
* initiates chemical digestion

88
Q

Small Intestine
Segments

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
89
Q

Small Intestines
Function

A

Major site for digestion and absorption

90
Q

Pancreas

A

Releases digestive enzymes into duodenum

91
Q

Pancreas
Digestive Enzymes

A
  • Trypsin - proteins
  • Lipase - fat
  • Amylase - starch
92
Q

Gallbladder
Function

A

Stores bile
* releases it into duodenum when fats are present
* not present in rats or horses

93
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Release salivary amylase
* parotid
* sublingual
* mandibular
* zygomatic

94
Q

Lymphatic System
Functions

A
  • Absorbs and returns protein-containing fluid from tissues
  • Transports fats from GI tract to blood
  • Produces lymphocytes
  • Develops immunity
95
Q

Lymph Organs

A
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • Thymus
  • MALT
96
Q

Spleen

A
  • Largest lymphoid tissue
  • Phagocytic
  • Stores and releases blood as needed
97
Q

Thymus

A
  • Located in cranial chest cavity between trachea and ribs
  • Develops immune response young
  • Replaced by fat in adults (species dependant)
98
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue

99
Q

Nasopharynx

A

From posterior nares to soft palate

100
Q

Oropharynx

A

From soft palate to hyoid bone

101
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

From hyoid bone to larynx

102
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

From middle ear to nasopharynx

103
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Divides from trachea at bifurcation
  • Cartilaginous bronchi enter lungs
104
Q

Bronchiole

A
  • Smooth muscle, no cartilage
  • Lead to alveoli
105
Q

Alveoli

A

Microscopic air sacs within the lungs
* exchanges oxygen and CO2

106
Q

Process of Respiration

A
  • Ventilation
  • External Respiration
  • Internal Respiration
107
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air between the atmosphere and lungs

108
Q

External Respiration

A

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood

109
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and cells

110
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Volume of air exchanged during normal breathing

111
Q

Residual Volume

A

Air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

112
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed lungs

113
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal, quite respiration

114
Q

Kidneys
Right vs Left

A

Right kidney is more firmly attached and cranial

115
Q

Urine Production
Phases

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
116
Q

Urine
Filtration

A
  • Afferent arteriole brings blood to glomerulus
  • Pressures move small molecules into Bowman Capsule
  • Forms glomerular filtrate
117
Q

Urine
Reabsorption

A
  • Occurs in PCTs and Loop of Henle
  • Substances needed reabsorbed from glomerular filtrate into capillaries
118
Q

Urine
Secretion

A

Substances from capillaries secreted into DCT

119
Q

Micturition

A

Urination

120
Q

Kidneys
Hormonal Influences

A
  • ADH
  • Aldosterone
121
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone
* increase = increased reabsorption of water within kidney

122
Q

Aldosterone

A

Stimulates sodium reabsorption in the kidney

123
Q

Reproductive System
Male Parts

A
  • Testicles
  • Vas Deferens
  • Accessory Sex Glands
  • Penis
124
Q

Testosterone

A

Produced by interstitial cells of Leydig within testicles

125
Q

Epididymis

A
  • Site of sperm storage and maturation
  • Adheres to side of testicle
126
Q

Vas Deferens

A
  • Connects epididymis to urethra
  • Part of spermatic cord
127
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A
  • Produce semen
  • Dogs = prostate only
  • Cats = prostate and bulbourethral / Cowper’s gland
  • Horses = vesicular glands, prostate, bulbourethral, ampulla
128
Q

Glans Penis

A

Tip / Head of the penis
* dog have a very long one

129
Q

Male Reproduction
FSH

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
* secreted from pituitary
* causes spermatogenesis to begin

130
Q

Reproductive System
Female Parts

A
  • Ovaries
  • Oviduct
  • Uterine Horns and Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
  • Vestibule
  • Vulva
131
Q

Oviduct

A

Transports ova from overy to the uterine horn / uterus

132
Q

Uterine Horns and Uterus

A

Uterine horns presence varies with species
* single births = young develop in uterus
* multiple births = young develop in uterine horns

133
Q

Female Reproduction
Vestibule

A

Common duct for urine and feces during parturition
* muscular tube from cervix to urethra

134
Q

Monestrous

A

One cycle per year

135
Q

Diestrous

A

Cycle in spring and fall

136
Q

Polyestrous

A

More than one cycle per year (continuous)

137
Q

Seasonally Polyestrous

A

Cycle continuously during specific seasons

138
Q

Reflex / Induced Ovulators

A

Ovulate after being bred

139
Q

Spontaneous Ovulators

A

Ovulation occurs naturally regardless of breeding

140
Q

Estrous Cycle

A
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Metestrus
  • Diestrus
  • Anestrus
141
Q

Proestrus

A
  • Preparation period
  • Males attracted but not allowed
  • FSH produced from pituitary
  • Estrogen released
142
Q

Estrus

A
  • “Standing Heat”
  • Males attracted and allowed
  • LH released from pituitary - ovulation started
143
Q

Metestrus

A
  • Short postovulatory phase
  • Ruptured follicles turn to corpus luteum - progesterone produced
144
Q

Diestrus

A
  • Corpus luteum continues to secrete hormones - degenerates if no pregnancy occurs
  • False pregnancies stuck in this phase
145
Q

Anestrus

A

Period of inactivity

146
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Produced in hypothalamus
  • Released by pituitary gland
  • Causes uterine contractions
  • Milk letdown influenced by this
147
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • Ductless
  • Produce hormones
  • Secrete directly into bloodstream
148
Q

Thyroid Gland
Function

A
  • Accelerates metabolism
  • Regulates calcium levels
149
Q

Parathyroid Gland
Function

A

Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels

150
Q

Pancreas
Function

A
  • Produces insulin
  • Increases / decreases blood glucose
151
Q

Sclera

A

Outermost fibrous later of eye
* white of the eye

152
Q

Uvea

A

Middle vascular layer of eye
* iris
* ciliary body
* choroid

153
Q

Retina

A

Innermost layer of eye
* light sensitive
* photoreceptors present

154
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Clear gel in space between lens and retina

155
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light onto the retina

156
Q

Lens

A

Colored membrane between lens and cornea
* regulates how much light is passed through pupil

157
Q

Aqueous Humor

A
  • Clear, watery fluid
  • Fills anterior and posterior chambers between cornea and lens
158
Q

Outer Ear

A

Goes from pinna up to and including the tympanic membrane
* air filled area

159
Q

Middle Ear

A

Air-filled and houses ossicles
* malleus (hammer)
* incus (anvil)
* stapes (stirrup)

160
Q

Inner Ear

A

Fluid filled and houses
* cochlea
* vestibule
* semicircular canals

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