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VTNE Review > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Fine-Needle Biopsy

A
  • Collects samples from skin, LN, or internal organs
  • Aspiration vs Non-aspiration technique
  • Soft masses = smaller needle / syringe (vise versa)
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2
Q

Fine-Needle Biopsy
Non-aspiration Technique

A
  • Sample collected with needle NOT attached to syringe
  • Cells collected from stabbing pressure
  • Use for vascular tissues - liver or spleen
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3
Q

Solid Mass Imprinting

A
  • Samples made from external lesions or samples removed during surgery
  • Single imprint or Tzanck method
  • Multiple imprints made onto slide
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4
Q

Tzanck Technique

A

Multiple imprints made
* before cleaning sample
* after cleaning sample
* after debridement
* after any scabs are removed

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5
Q

Swab Technique
Fistulated Lesions

A

Collect samples before and immediately after cleaning

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6
Q

Swab Technique
Rayon Swabs

A

Use for collecting samples for culture
* cotton swabs may allow for bacterial growth

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7
Q

BAL

A

Bronchoalveolar Lavage
* orotracheal technique
* collects sample from lower respiratory tract
* bronchoscopy preferred method to performed this - needs bronchoscope

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8
Q

Characteristics of Fluid Samples
What to Record

A
  • Total volume
  • Color
  • Turbidity
  • Odor
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9
Q

TNCC

A

Total Nucleated Cell Count
* transudate
* exudate
* modified transudate

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10
Q

Transudate

A
  • < 1500 nucleated cells
  • < 2.5 g/dL protein
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11
Q

Modified Transudate

A
  • 1000 - 7000 nucleated cells
  • 2.5 - 7.5 g/dL protein
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12
Q

Exudate

A
  • > 7000 nucleated cells
  • > 3 g/dL protein
  • Nonseptic vs Septic
  • Degenerative vs Nondegenerative
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13
Q
A

Compression Prep
* also called squash prep
* avoid pressure - can distort / ruture cells

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14
Q
A

Modified Compression Prep
* use for fragile cells or thin sample

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15
Q
A

Combination Method
* creates 3 different “areas”
* wedge
* compression
* untouched

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16
Q
A

Starfish Method
* best for highly viscous samples

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17
Q
A

Line Smear
* use for unconcentrated or small sediment samples
* produces a line of concentrated sediment
* rapidly air dry slide

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18
Q

Slide Fixative
for Cytology

A

Preferred is 95% methanol
* fix for 2-5 minutes
* longer fix times may improve quality of stain

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19
Q

Romanowsky Stains

A
  • Wright
  • Giemsa
  • Diff-Quik
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20
Q

Gram Staining

A
  • Negative = pink
  • Positive = purple
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21
Q

Slide Cytology
Microscopic Exam

A
  1. Low Power: overall cellularity and large objects
  2. High Power: predominant cell type
  3. Oil Immersion: cellular characteristics
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22
Q

Neutrophils
Hypersegmented

A

More than 5 lobes

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23
Q

Neutrophil

A

Pyknosis
* condensed nucleus

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24
Q

Neutrophil

A

Karyolysis
* loss of nuclear membrane

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25
Q

Neutrophil

A

Karyorrhexis
* fragmented nucleus

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26
Q
A

Plasma Cells
* activated lymphocytes
* look for perinuclear clear zone

27
Q
A

Macrophage
* large cell
* abundant blue cytoplasm with vacuoles
* may be multinucleated
* can contain phagocytized material

28
Q

Types of Inflammation

A
  • Purulent
  • Pyogranulomatous
  • Granulomatous
  • Eosinophilic
29
Q

Purulent Inflammation

A

Also called suppurative or acute inflammation
* most common type
* most caused by bacteria
* more than 85% neutrophils
* some macrophages and lymphocytes

30
Q

Pyogranulomatous Inflammation

A

Also called chronic or active
* 50-75% neutrophils
* some macrophages

31
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation

A

Also called chronic inflammation
* more than 70% mononuclear cells
* few neutrophils

32
Q

Eosinophilic Inflammation

A
  • More than 10% eosinophils
  • Few mast cells, plasma cells, and lymphocytes
33
Q

Benign Neoplasia

A

Also called hyperplasia
* homogeneous populations of the same cell type
* no malignant characteristics

34
Q

Neoplastic Tissue Cells

A
  • Epithelial
  • Mesenchymal
  • Discreet Round
35
Q

Tissue Origin

A

Discreet Round Cell Tumors
* exfoliate well, but not in clusters
* small to medium individually round cells

36
Q

Tissue Origin

A

Epithelial Cell Tumors
* called carcinoma / adenocarcinoma
* highly cellular samples
* large cells with abundant cytoplasm
* exfoliate in clusters

37
Q

Tissue Origin

A

Mesenchymal Cell Tumor
* also called sarcoma or spindle cell
* not very cellular
* exfoliate singly
* cells are small with wispy spindles

38
Q

Discreet Round Cell Tumors
Examples

A
  • Histiocytoma
  • Lymphoma
  • Mast Cell Tumors
  • Plasma Cell Tumors
  • TVTs
  • Melanoma
39
Q

Histiocytoma

A
  • Similar to TVTs
  • Not very cellular
  • Cells have poorly defined boundaries
  • Moderate cytoplasm with some vacuoles
40
Q

TVTs

A

Transmissible Venereal Tumors
* similar to histiocytomas
* cells with distinct boundaries
* cytoplasm with many vacuoles

41
Q

Lymphoma

A

Many cells with prominent nuclei
* size and characteristics of cell depends on type of lymphoma

42
Q

Plasma Cell Tumor

A
  • Large number of cells
  • Eccentrically located nucleus
  • Prominent perinuclear clear zone
43
Q

Mast Cell Tumors

A
  • Cells with prominent purple / black granules
  • Amount of cells varies
  • Moderate amount of cytoplasm
44
Q

Melanoma

A

Cells with prominent dark black granules

45
Q

Normal Lymph Node Tissue

A

Consists of 75-95% small lymphocytes
* smaller than neutrophil
* few plasma cells, larger lymphocytes, and macrophages

46
Q

Bone Marrow
Sample Collection

A

Use different sites for each collection when doing both aspirate and core sample
* core allow architecture of cells to stay intact
* core give better overall cellularity

47
Q

Bone Marrow
Aspirate Locations

A
  • Femur head
  • Humerus head
  • Iliac crest
  • Femoral canal
48
Q

Bone Marrow
Core Location

A

Most common site is the iliac crest

49
Q

Bone Marrow
Smear Prep

A
  • Prepare and stain smears immediately
  • Stain one slide to look for hemosiderin (iron)
  • Aspirate sample: romanowksy stain
50
Q

Bone Marrow
Reading Smears

A

Proportion of nucleated cells vs fat
* normal adult: 50% each
* normal young: 25% fat
* normal old: 75% fat

51
Q

Myeloid Cells

A

Large and pale-staining
* myeloblast
* promyelocyte
* myelocyte
* metamyelocyte

52
Q

Erythroid Cells

A

Smaller with clumped basophilic nuclei
* rubriblast
* prorubricyte
* rubricyte
* metarubricyte

53
Q

M/E Ratio

A

Myeloid to Erythroid Ratio
* count and sort 500 nucleated cells

54
Q

Vaginal Cytology
Cell Types

A
  • Basal
  • Parabasal
  • Intermediate
  • Superficial
55
Q

Vaginal Cytology

A

Anuclear
* cornified cell

56
Q

Vaginal Cytology

A

Superficial
* cornified cell

57
Q

Vaginal Cytology

A

Intermediate
* non-cornified cell

58
Q

Vaginal Cytology

A

Parabasal
* non-cornified

59
Q

Estrous Cycle

A
  • Anestrus
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Metestrus
60
Q

Anestrus

A
  • Non-cornified squamous cells
  • Intermediate or parabasal cells
  • Some neutrophils
  • No RBCs
61
Q

Proestrus

A

Early stage
* mix of parabasal, intermediate, and superficial cells
* neutrophils and RBCs

Late Stage
* large intermediate and superficial cells
* neutrophils decrease
* may or may not be RBCs
* bacteria present

62
Q

Estrus

A
  • All superficial cells - many anuclear
  • May have RBCs
  • No neutrophils
  • Bacteria present
63
Q

Metestrus

A
  • Parabasal and intermediate cells
  • Neutrophils increase
  • Generally no RBCs, but may be there
64
Q

Sperm
Wave Motion

A

Based on the amount of “swirling” activity

VTNE Review (31 decks)

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