Large Animal Nursing and Surgery Flashcards
Balling Gun
* used to administer oral medications
Bovine
Venipuncture
- Jugular - preferred for samples and fluids
- Tail vein - injecting small volumes
Porcine
Venipuncture
Pigs
* cranial vena cava - large volumes (use right side)
* ear (auricular) - small volumes
* external jugular (use right side; nerve stimulation on left)
Bovine
IM Injections
Triangular zone around shoulder blade, spinal cord, and armpit region
Small Ruminants
IM Injections
Lateral cervical muscles
Porcine
IM Injections
Pig
* dorsolateral neck muscles
Intradermal Injections
Primarily used for tuberculin testing
* injection into the caudal tail fold
Milk Fever
- From hypocalcemia after giving birth
- Signs: muscle tremors, weakness, staggering
- If untreated will lead to death
White Muscle Disease
Also called Nutritional Myodegeneration
* see with young, rapidly growing animals
* deficiencies in vitamin E and selenium
* cardiac vs skeletal form
* cardiac = sudden death
* skeletal = muscle weakness / stiffness
LDA
Left Displaced Abomasum
* more common
* correct via surgery
* increased chance = feeding high-grain diet
RDA
Right Displaced Abomasum
* life threatening
Johnes Disease
- GI disease
- Caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
- Affects all ruminants
- No cure - fatal disease
- Signs: diarrhea and weight loss
Other Diarrhea
Agent
Clostridium perfringens
* signs vary by strain
* bloody diarrhea
* distended abdomen
* sudden death
Bovine
Mastitis
Inflammation of mammary glands
* many cases subclinical - diagnose via milk test
* clinical signs: heat / pain / swelling of gland
* caused by Staphylococcus and Steptococcus
Vibriosis
Reproductive disease affecting bovine
* caused by Campylobacter fetus
* spread via infected bull
* causes infertility or abortions
* vaccine available
* zoonotic
Brucellosis
Also called Bangs Disease
* reproductive disease of bovine
* caused by Brucella abortus
* spread via contact with infected material
* causes abortions / inflammation of penis
* zoonotic (reportable)
Listeriosis
Reproductive disease of ruminants
* caused by Listeria monocytogenes
* seasonal - common in cold
* causes abortions and eye issues
* zoonotic
IBR
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
* also called “red nose”
* caused by herpesvirus
* causes abortions and respiratory disease
* vaccine available
BRD
Bovine Respiratory Disease complex
* IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
* BVDV - bovine viral diarrhea virus
* parainfluenza
* BRSV - bovine respiratory syncytial virus
* pathogen: Haemophilus somnus
Shipping Fever
Affects young animals stressed from transport
* associated with BRD
* Mannheimia haemolytica
* Pasteurella multocida
Anthrax
Neurological disease
* caused by Bacillus anthracis
* zoonotic (reportable)
* spores remain in environment
* vaccine available
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
Also called Mad Cow Disease (cow) or Scrapie (sheep)
* neurological disease
* caused by a prion
* damage to CNS
CAE
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
* neurological disease
* signs: arthritis and weight loss
* transmissed mom to kid via infected milk
* test before introducing new animal to herd
* infected for life
Foot Rot
- Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Lameness / walking issues
- Foul odor
- Treat with antibiotics
ORF
Contagious ecthyma
* viral, zoonotic disease
* common in young
* crusty lesions on lips / nose / gums
Cancer Eye
Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma
* common in animals with white skin / hair around eyes
* early detection is critial
* remove affected tissue
* no guarantee treatment - premature culling required (remove from herd)
CL
Caseous Lymphadenitis
* caused by Corynebacterium paratuberculosis
* hard to eradicate once in herd
* swollen / draining abscesses near LN
* vaccine available - recommend only to do once herd affected
