Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet8

Question 1

Who said, “During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination…” and when?

Answer 1

Nelson Mandela, South Africa’s nationalist leader, first uttered these words in 1964 at his trial for treason, sabotage, and conspiracy

Question 2

How long did Nelson Mandela spend in prison, sometimes working at hard labor in a stone quarry?

Answer 2

27 years

Question 3

IN 1994, South AFrica held its first election in which blacks and whites alike were able to vote, and through that who was the country’s first black African president?

Answer 3

Nelson Mandela

Question 4

What is decolonization also known as that carried an immense significance for the history of the 20th century?

Answer 4

struggle for independence

Question 5

The first major breakthrough towards independence occured where?

Answer 5

Asia and the Middle East in the late 1940s - Philippines, India, Pakistan, Burma, Indonesia, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel

Question 6

The period from the mid 195-s through 1970s was an age of what where colony after colony, more than fifty, emerged into what was then seen as the bright light of freedom?

Answer 6

African independence

Question 7

During the 1970s, what island societies of Pacific Oceania joined the ranks of independent states, almost entirely peacefully and without much struggle?

Answer 7

Samoa, Fiji, Tonga, the Solomon Islands, Kiribati

Question 8

Who sought to incorporate as a state within the United States, rather than independence, attracting opposition from some American conservatives who were not easily persuaded that this multiethnic society was genuinely American?

Answer 8

Hawaiians

Question 9

What Caribbean societies achieved independence during the 1960s and 70s, informed by a growing awareness of a distinctive Caribbean culture?

Answer 9

the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Jamaica, Trinidad, and Tobago

Question 10

In Oceania, the idea of what, sought to articulate a style of political action in keeping with what were held to be “traditional” principles?`

Answer 10

Pacific Way

Question 11

What was one of the outcomes of the Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910?

Answer 11

one outcome was the nationalization in 1937 of Mexico’s oil industry

Question 12

IN the beginning of the 21st century few observers were predicting the collapse of these empires, and the idea that what is the only legitimate government?

Answer 12

national self-government

Question 13

why did the “fatal flaw” of European colonial rule lead to independence in the post-World War II decades?

Answer 13

world wars weakened Europe; world wars discredited Europe’s moral superiority; US and Soviet Union oppose colonial empires; United Nations provided a platform for anticolonial agitation

Question 14

Deliberate planning for decolonization included what?

Answer 14

gradual political reforms; investments in railroads, ports, and telegraph lines; the holding of elections; and the writing of constitutions

Question 15

Who were the “fathers” of these new countries where independence dawned?

Answer 15

Gandhi and Nehru in India, Sukarno in Indonesia, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Nkrumah in Ghana, and Mandela in South Africa

Question 16

How long did it take the Belgian Congo to gain independence?

Answer 16

4 years

Question 17

Where did nationalists rely on peaceful political pressure-demonstrations, strikes, mass mobilization, and negotiations - to achieve independence?

Answer 17

West Africa

Question 18

In Indonesia, an early nationalist organization known as what, appealed on the basis of religion to achieve independnce?

Answer 18

Islamic Union

Question 19

Who was indonesia’s primary nationalist leader who sought to embrace and reconcile these various outlooks saying, “What is _________?” “A nationalist? An Islamist? A Marxist?…__________ is a mixture of all these isms

Answer 19

Sukarno

Question 20

Who was among the first colonies to achieve independence and provided both a model and an inspiration to others?

Answer 20

India

Question 21

How were people identified in India rather than as “Indians”?

Answer 21

caste, village, language, region, tribe, and religious practice

Question 22

What was the most important political expression of an all-Indian identity took shape in what often called the Congress Party, which was established in 1885?

Answer 22

Indian National Congress (INC)

Question 23

Who was the INdian National Congress an association of?

Answer 23

English-educated Indians - lawyers, journalists, teachers, businessmen

Question 24

Who was Mohandas Gandhi?

Answer 24

born in the province of Gujarat, married at 13, who developed a concept of INdia that included Hindus and Muslims in a political philosophy known as satyagraha(truth force)

Question 25

What is satyagraha, the political philosophy of Mohandas Gandhi?

Answer 25

(truth force) it was a confrontational, though nonviolent, approach to political action

Question 26

Gandhi became the what which means the Great Soul?

Answer 26

Mahatma

Question 27

Who was Gandhi’s chief lieutenant who thoroughly embraced science, technology, and industry as essential to India’s future?

Answer 27

Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 28

As early as 1906, the formation of what that contradicted the Congress Party’s claim to speak for all Indians?

Answer 28

All-India Muslim League

Question 29

in Hindu religious terms, hailing their country, as a goddess known as what?

Answer 29

Bande Mataram (Mother India)

Question 30

What was the written in a Persian script and was favored by Muslims?

Answer 30

Urdu

Question 31

Who was the leader of the Muslim League who argued that those parts of India that had a Muslim majority should have separate political status?

Answer 31

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Question 32

How was India divided in 1947?

Answer 32

as two countries with a Muslim Pakistan and a mostly Hindu India

Question 33

What term reflected their image of themselves as “white Africans,” permanent residents of the continent rather than colonial intruders?

Answer 33

Afrikaner

Question 34

What was established in 1912 which sought not to overthrow the existing order but to be accepted as “civilized men” within it?

Answer 34

African National Congress (ANC)

Question 35

By 1948, what came to power on a platform of apartheid, it was clear that peaceful protest had produced no meaningful movement?

Answer 35

Afrikaner-led National Party

Question 36

The government of South AFrica responded with repression, including the shooting of 69 unarmed demonstrators where in 1960?

Answer 36

Sharpville

Question 37

Opposition in South Africa was now primarily expressed by student groups that were part of what movement, an effort to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among the country’s African majority?

Answer 37

Black Consciousness

Question 38

A protest in 1976 in a sprawling, impoverished black neighborhood called what outside Johannesburg, in which hundreds were killed, triggering uprising?

Answer 38

Soweto

Question 39

To commemorate the tenth anniversary of the Soweto uprising, who orchestrated a general strike involving some 2 million workers?

Answer 39

the Congress of South African Trade Unions

Question 40

What smaller group rejected cooperation with other racial groups and limited its membership to black Africans?

Answer 40

Pan Africanist Congress

Question 41

Most threatening to the unity of the nationalist struggle were the separatist tendencies of what party and its leader?

Answer 41

the Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party and its leaders, Gatsha Buthelezi