Chapter 18 Test Flashcards
In mid-1967, what person was on summer break from a teaching assignment with the Peace Corps in Ethiopia and was traveling with some friends in neighboring Kenya, just four years after that country had gained its independence from British colonial rule?
Robert Strayer
What raw materials and agricultural products came from the American Midwest and southern Russia; from Central America; from Brazil?
Wheat from American Midwest and southern Russia; bananas from Central America; rubber from Brazil
What raw materials and agricultural products came from Argentina; from West Africa; from South Africa?
meat from Argentina; cocoa and palm oil from West Africa; gold and diamonds from South Africa
What raw materials and agricultural products came from Ceylon; from Southeast Asia?
tea, copra, and coconut oil from Ceylon; gutta-percha, a natural latex used to insulate underwater telegraph lines from Southeast Asia
What animal is used to portray the British Empire and it’s colonies?
an octopus; whose tentacles are attached to many countires
By 1840, Britain was exporting what percentage of its cotton-cloth production, annually sending 200 million yards to Europe, 300 million yards to Latin America, and 145 million yards to India?
60 percent
Between 1910 and 1913, how much of their savings was Britain sending overseas as foreign investment?
about half of its savings
In 1914, how many pounds sterling did Britain invest abroad, about equally divided between Europe, North America, and Australia on the one hand and Asia, Africa, and Latin America on the other?
3.7 Billion pounds sterling
What English imperialist confided his fears to a friend in the late 19th century, saying that if you wish to avoid civil war, then you must become an imperialist?
Cecil Rhodes
By 1871, the unification of what countries made Europe’s already-competitive international relations even more so, and much of this rivalry spilled over into the struggle for colonies or economic concessions in Asia, Africa, and Pacific Oceania?
Italy and Germany
Colonies and spheres of influence abroad became symbols of what status for a nation, and their acquisition was a matter of urgency?
Great Power
What appealed on economic and social grounds to the wealthy or ambitious, seemed politically and strategicaly necessary in the game of international power politics, and was emotionally satisfying to almost everyone?
imperialism
What type of ship, moving through the new Suez Canal, completed in 1869, allowed Europeans to reach distant Asian, African, and Pacific ports more quickly?
steam-driven ships
What made possible almost instant communication with far-flung outposts of empire?
the underwater telegraph
The discovery of what to prevent malaria greatly reduced European death rates in the tropics?
quinine
What weapons vastly widened the military gap between Europeans and everyone else?
Breech-loading rifles and machine guns
In earlier centuries, how did Europenas define others in religious terms?
They were heathen; “we” were Christian
Europeans sometimes even saw more technologically simple people as what?
uas “noble savages”
What did Europeans develop that fused with or in some cases replaced their notions of religious superiority?
secular arrogance
The Chinese originally highly praised, were reduced to what image in the 19th century?
John Chinaman-weak, cunning, obstinately conservative, and, in large numbers, a distinct threat, represented by the “yellow peril” in late 19th century European thinking
African socities, were demoted in the 19th century by Europeans eyes to what status?
to the status of tribes led by chiefs as a means of emphasizing their “primitive” qualities
People of Pacific Oceania and elsewhere were regarded as what?
big children who lived “closer to nature” than their civilized counterparts
Upon visiting Tahiti in 1768, what French explorer concluded; “ I thought I was walking in the Garden of Eden.”
Bougainville
Europeans viewed the culture and achievements of Asian and African peoples through the prism of a new kind of racism, expressed now in terms of what?
modern science
What types of scientists used allegedly scientific methods and numerous instruments to classify the size and shape of human skulls and concluded, not surprisingly, that those of whites were larger and therefore more advanced?
Phrenologists, craniologists, and sometimes physicians
Biologists applied notions of rank to varieties of human beings, with the whites on top and the less developed “_______ ______” beneath them.
child races
Who declared “Race is everything, civilization depends on it?”
British anatomist Robert Knox in 1850
Who declared, “Superior races have a right, because they have a duty, they have the duty to civilize the inferior races?”
French politician Jules Ferry in 1883
The century and a half between 1750 and 1914 was a second and quite distinct round of that larger process focused on what?
Asia, Africa, and Oceania rather than in the Western Hemisphere
Who said, “Whatever happens we have got the Maxim gun [an automatic machine gun] and they have not.”
English writer Hilaire Belloc
Who played the leading role in the colonial takeover of South Asia?
the British East India Company
What pitted half a dozen European powers against one another as they partitioned the entire continent among themselves in only about 25 years?
the “scramble for africa”
How long did it take the French to finally conquer the recently created West African Empire led by Samori Toure?
16 years
What difficult situation for the British lay in South Africa, where they were defeated by what army?
By a Zulu army in 1879 at the Battle of Isandlwana
What people in what war, were white descendants of the earlier Dutch settlers in South Africa, who fought bitterly for three years before succumbing to British forces?
the Boers in the Boer War
For what economic goods were Europeans and Americans drawn to the world of Pacific Oceania?
coconut oil, guano, mineral nitrates and phosphates, sandalwood, sperm whale oil, etc.
Chile, in search of valuable guano and nitrates, entered the fray and gained a number of coastal islands as well as what island, the easternmost island of Polynesia?
Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
How was the colonization of Australia and New Zealand in 19th century similar to colonization of North America?
both places, conquest was accompanied by large-scale European settlement and diseases that reduced native numbers by 75 percent or more by 1900
Like Canada and the United States, what did Australia and New Zealand become?
neo-European societies in the Pacific
Aboriginal Australians constituted only _____ percent of their country’s population in the early 21st century, and the indigenous Maori were a minorty of about ______ percent in New Zealand.
2.4 percent; 15 percent
In what isolated regions did disease take a terrible toll on peoples who lacked immunities to European pathogens?
Plynesis, Amazonia, Siberia
In Polynesis the population of Hawaii declined from around 142,000 in 1823 to only what in 1896?
39,000
On what were Indians confined to and in boarding schools to which many of their children were removed, reformers sought to “civilize” the remaining Native Americans, eradicating tribal life and culture, under the slogan “Kill the Indian and Save the Man”
reservations
Some 13,000 freed U.S. slaves, seeking greater freedom, migrated to West Africa, where they became a colonizing elite in the land they named what?
Liberia
Ethiopia considerably expanded its own empire, even as it defeated Italy at what famous battle in 1896?
Battle of Adowa in 1896
After extended resistance against French aggression, what 19th century Vietnamese emperor argued with those who wanted the struggle to go on?
Tu Duc
