Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet7 Flashcards by Jeroen van Ommen

South Africa’s first black African president, also famous for spending 27 years in prison

Nelson Mandela

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Why Mandela was freed from prison in 1990

Growing domestic and international pressure on South African government

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struggle for independence

decolonization

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Oceania’s attempts to keep traditional principles, including decision making with consensus (where no one’s feelings are hurt)

Pacific Way

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Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Japanese Empire, German Empire

Empires that fell rip

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Nationalization of Mexico’s oil industry

Outcome of Mexican Revolution

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Reasons behind end of colonial empires

Contradictions between Enlightenment, Christian, and material progress morals and the unfairness of colonial exploitation (basically they were being hypocritical pieces of trash); Rise of National self-determination (Europe played themselves); Democratic values

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coming together of separate developments at a time aka coincidences

conjucture

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reasons behind why “fatal flaw” of Europe led way to independence

world wars weakened Europe; world wars discredited Europe’s moral superiority (genocide, that’s why!); US and Soviet Union oppose colonial empires (they were being hypocritical tho); United Nations provided platform for anticolonial agitation (basically a place for them to protest against colonies)

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Social and economic circumstances that allowed material for anticolonial movements

Elite INTELLECTUALS from colonies; NON-INTELLECTUALS who were resentful of Europe’s privileges

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ways colonial rulers created political relationships with their Asian/African subjects (only cuz they were being threatened)

Investments in public works; holding of elections; writing of constitutions

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activist leaders or “fathers” of countries

Ghandi and Nehru in India *lawyer dude; Sukarno in Indonesia *isms dude; Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam *asian dude; Nkrumah in Ghana *hero dude; Mandela in South Africa *jailed dude

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problems within anticolonial movements

intellectuals tired of non-intellectuals, power struggles

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Place that only took 4 years to get independence unlike the other countries that took decades

Belgian Congo

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weird Indonesia guy who talked about himself in third person and said “_______ is a mixture of all these isms” about himself

Sukarno (I memorized it as: Sue-car-no)

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what promoted Indian identity

. British rejecting Indian assimilation; British putting in technology that made communication easier so that Indians could communicate better #played themselves again; Movements to reform Hinduism

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political party of well educated Indians from elite Hindu families (originally not popular with common people)

Indian National Congress (INC) also known as Congress PArTy

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Babus, what British called the Congress Party when they asked for more inclusion

semi-literate native with only a thin layer of modern culture (basically half-savages)

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Peaceful lawyer dude who experiences racism in South Africa, was educated in England, married at 13, and wanted equality between Hindus and Muslims. Thought best way was by rejecting industrialization and pursuing social reform. Killed by Hindu extremist. Disappointed by the division of Hindus and Muslims.

Mohandas Gandhi (if you don’t know who Gandhi is by now then shame on you)

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truth force; Gandhi’s political philosophy

Satyagraha

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Great SOUL

Mahatma (what they called Ghandi)

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what Gandhi viewed women as

people with virtue, self-sacrifice, and endurance :) ; still supported traditional female roles and passiveness :(

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Gandhi’s chief lieutenant who embraced modern industrialization unlike Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru

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Opposition to Gandhi within India

Hindus hate on Muslims; Congress party hates on women and untouchables; Castes hate on other castes

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muslim version of congress party who were worried about being a minority

All-India Muslim League

Urdu

Muslim persian script

Hindus started calling India a goddess by the name of ______________________________________

Bande Mataram (Mother India)

what hindus did that antagonized muslims

Called India a goddess (Bande Mataram), tried to protec cows, enforced teaching of Hindi language in schools

Leader of Muslim League

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Pakistan

land of the pure

Partition

bloody division of Pakistan and Hindu india that made them two separate countries about 1,000 miles apart

Percentage of white humans in South Africa

less than 20 percent

whites in South America

economically dominant white guys were british dudes; politically dominant white guys were Dutch descended dudes called Boers/Afrikaners; both disliked black majority rule despite not really liking each other either :\

Afrikaners

white Africans, also go by the name of Boers

mature industrial economy of Africa

gold, diamonds, steel, rubber, automobile

Muslim Pathan dude who was the "Frontier Gandhi" and came from British mission school.

Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Khudai Khidmatgar, established by Muslim Pathan Khan guy

Servants of God movement in Pathan

Badshah Khan; what Abdul Ghaffar Khan dude was called

king of khans

jihad

islamic holy war

Why Abdul Ghaffar Khan was so successful

Related nonviolent protest to jihad, Prophet Muhammad's mission, and Pathan male virtues

why Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Muslim Pathan guy, was all dramatic and felt betrayed (hint hint he later sided with pakistan tho)

the partition/ division of India

Why Pakistani authorities didn't trust Servants of God (supporters of Abdul Ghaffar Khan)

they were against military, formation of pakistan, and was for working with Hindus

apartheid

overwhelming prominence of race/ segregation/ basically racism

pass laws

laws that monitored movement of Africans into cities

native reserves or Bantustans

ethnic homelands in africa that were very unhumane

African version of Congress PArtY who only wanted to be accepted as "civilized men" and denied full membership to women :(

African National Congress (ANC)

What women in south africa did to help despite the African National Congress being v sexist

catering, entertainment , boycotts, protests, wage demands

opposition to African National Congress *cue dramatic music*

Afrikaner-led National Party; It made people realize that peaceful protests wouldn't work

South African government's v unfair attempts at repression

shooting of 69 unarmed people in Sharpville, banning of African National Congress, and imprisonment of Nelson Mandela

civil disobedience *kind of reminds me of people in Borgeson's class*

freedom struggle in South Africa turned to mostly illegal activities after formations of the Afrikaner National Party and government repression; underground nationalist leaders, sabotage, assassinations, guerrilla warfare (smaller nontraditional army uses tactics to defeat larger army)

student groups effort to foster pride and unity among African majority

Black Conciousness

Soweto

protests at this impoverished black neighborhood was where people in the Black Conciousness movement were gunned down; they were originally protesting cuz the government was going to made them learn in the Afrikaner language rather than English

black labor movement

Congress of South African Trade Unions

international pressures to end apartheid (racism)

exclusion from Olympics, refusal of entertainers to come to South Africa, withdrawal of private investments, boycotts

compromises between white South Africans and African Nationalist Leaders

Ending of apartheid practices, release of Nelson Mandela from prison (only after 27 years there tho), legalization of African National Congress, negotiations that led to fair election

Gatsha Buthelezi (probs won't need to know this but whatever)

leader of Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party in South Africa; this party received funding from apartheid state

Three political groups in Africa that were not friendly with each other (were all founded by black Africans tho)

Black Conciousness, African National Congress, and Inkatha Freedom Party

group that limited membership to black Africans

Pan Africanist Congress

Kwame Nkrumah (I memorized this by dividing it into: N-Kru Mah)

Africa's first modern nationalist HERO of Ghana; thought that winning the "political kingdom" was give them everything they needed (spoiler alert: haha no it didn't)

??????question that arises after independence??????

whether freedom was really a chance to improve life ; these newly freed countries all called the third world/ developing countries/ Global South

differences b/w India and South Africa

1. Africa had no religious conflict; India didn't have severe racism; Africa didn't have as much violence as India (when India separated, remember that it was very violent); One starts with an "I" and one starts with a "S"