Chapter 19 Part A

Question 1

Who said “In the 170-plus years since the Opium War of 1840, our great country has weathered untold hardships…Following the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial…society, and foreign powers stepped up their aggression against China.”

Answer 1

In 2011, Chinese president Hu Jintao

Question 2

The conflict, of Britain’s violent intrusion into China’s history in order to sell highly addictive opium to China’s people, marked the beginning of what?

Answer 2

what Chinese describe as a “century of humiliation.”

Question 3

Memories of the Opium War remain a central element of what?

Answer 3

China’s “patriotic education”

Question 4

In a famous letter to the British monarch, what Chinese emperor sharply rejected British requests for a less restricted trading relationship with his country?

Answer 4

Chinese emperor Qianlong

Question 5

What did emperor Qianlong call the chinese empire?

Answer 5

Our Celestial Empire

Question 6

In 1912, what happened to China’s long-established imperial state?

Answer 6

It had collapsed, and the country had been transformed to a weak and dependent participant in European-dominated world system in which Great Britain was the major economic player

Question 7

What did China’s population grow to in 1853 from 100 million people in 1685?

Answer 7

430 million

Question 8

With population growth what tasks were the Chinese state unable to effectivley perform?

Answer 8

tax collection, flood control, social welfare, and public security

Question 9

The culmination of Cina’s internal crisis lay in what, which set much of the country aflame between 1850 and 1864?

Answer 9

Taiping Uprising

Question 10

What did the Taiping Uprising largely reject?

Answer 10

Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, finding their primary ideology in a unique form of Christianity

Question 11

Who was the leading figure of the Taiping Uprising and what did he proclaim himself to be?

Answer 11

Hong Xiuquan, who proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons and to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace.”

Question 12

What did the Taiping Uprising call to be taken into action?

Answer 12

abolition of private property, a radical redistribution of land, the end of prostitution and opium smoking, and the organization of society into sexually segregated military camps of men and women

Question 13

Who was Hong Xiuquan cousin, who developed plans for transforming China into an industrial nation, with railroads, health insurance, newspapers, and public education?

Answer 13

Hong Rengan

Question 14

the Taiping Uprising posture toward women and gender roles was an outlook reflected in its origins where?

Answer 14

among the minority Hakka people of southern China, where women were notably less restricted than Confucian orthodoxy presribed

Question 15

During the Taiping Uprising, Hakka women did what?

Answer 15

fought as soldiers in their own regiments

Question 16

Taiping forces swept out of southern China and established their capital where in 1853?

Answer 16

Nanjing

Question 17

Nowhere was the shifting balance of global power in the 19th century more evident than in China’s changing relationship with Europe, a transformation that registered most dramatically in what?

Answer 17

the famous Opium Wars

Question 18

Derived from Arab traders in the 8th century, what had long been used on a small scale as a drinkable medicine; it was regarded as a magical cure for dysentery and described by one poet as “fit for Buddha.”

Answer 18

opium

Question 19

From 1,000 chests (each weighing roughly 150 pounds) in 1773, China’s opium imports exploded to more than how many chests in 1832?

Answer 19

23,000

Question 20

What upright official led the campaign against opium use as a kind of “drug czar.”

Answer 20

Commissioner Lin Zexu

Question 21

What treaty, ended the Opium war in 1842, largely on British terms, imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders?

Answer 21

Treaty of Nanjing

Question 22

Britain’s victory in a second Opium War was accompanied by what?

Answer 22

brutal vandalizing of the emperor’s exquisite Summer Palace outside Beijing and resulted in further humiliations

Question 23

Following military defeats at the hands of the French and Japanese, China lost control of what?

Answer 23

Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan

Question 24

What did many Chinese believe about their country?

Answer 24

it was being “carved up like a melon”

Question 25

China’s encoutner with what had reduced the proud Middle Kingdom to dependency on the Western powers as it became part of a European based “informal empire.”

Answer 25

European imperialism

Question 26

Known as what, China’s policies during the 1860s and 70s sought to reinvigorate a traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the West

Answer 26

self-strengthening

Question 27

China’s failure of self-strengthening became apparent at the end of the century, when an anti-foreign movement known as what erupted in northern China?

Answer 27

Boxer Uprising

Question 28

What did the militia of the Boxer Uprising call themselves?

Answer 28

the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, the “Boxers”

Question 29

What were the National Rejuvenation Study Society, Society to Protect the Nation, and Understand the National Shame Society?

Answer 29

examples of Chinese people who organized themselves in clubs, study groups, and newspapers to explore alternative paths and to examine China’s desperate situation

Question 30

Who was the rebellious daughter of a gentry family who left a husband and two children to study in Japan, who believed China will be unified once they were dismembered from the hands of foreign imperialists?

Answer 30

Qiu Jin - started a women’s journal, arguing that liberated women were essential for a strong Chinese nation

Question 31

How did the Qing dynasty respond to the pressure of Chinese nationalism?

Answer 31

a flurry of progressive imperial edicts in 1898, known as the Hundred Days of Reform