Chapter 19 Part B Flashcards
The Ottoman Empire during the 19th century mounted increasingly ambitious programs of what that were earlier, more sustained, and far more vigorous than the timid and halfhearted measures of the Chinese?
defensive modernization
Ottoman reforms began in the late 18th century when what person sought to reorganize and update the army, drawing on European advisers and techniques?
Sultan Selim III
After 1839, more far-reaching reformist measures, known as what, took shape as the Ottoman leadership sought to provide the economic, social, and legal underpinnings for a strong and newly recentralized state?
Tanzimat (reorganization)
What now gave non-Muslims equal rights under the law during the Tanzimat of the Ottoman Empire?
an imperial proclamation of 1856
During the 1870s and 1880s, what prominent female poet held weekly “salons” in which reformist intellectuals of both sexes participated?
Sair Nigar Hanim
A new class that included lower-level officials, military officers, writers, poets, and journalists, were dubbed what?
Young Ottomans; who were active during the mid 19th century, seeking change
In 1876, the Young Ottomans experienced a short-lived victory when what sultan accepted a constitution an elected parliament, but not for long?
Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
Opposition to this revived despotism of 1876, soon surfaced among both military and civilian elities known as what?
the Young Turks
What is despotism and who was exercising it?
the exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way; the Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
What did the Young Turks advocate?
a militantly secular public life, modernization along European lines, and increasingly through the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state
Who said, “There is only one civilization, and that is European civilization, therefore we must borrow western civilization with both its rose and its thorn?”
Abdullah Cevdet, a prominent figure in the Young Turk movement
A military coup in 1908 finally allowed the Young Turks to exercise real power where they pushed for what?
a radical secularization of schools, courts, and law codes; permitted elections and competing parties; established a single Law of Family Rights for all; and encourage Turkish as the official language
What did the Young Turks grant for women?
opened modern schools - including access to Istanbul University; allowed women to wear Western clothing; restricted polygamy; and permitted divorces
By the beginning of the 20th century, both China and the Ottoman Empire, were what within the “informal empires” of Europe?
semi-colonies
In China, what happened that led to the end of it?
the collapse of the imperial system in 1912 which was followed by a vast revolutionary upheaval that by 1949 led to a communist regime within largely the same territorial space
What values of traditional Confucianism did rural China retain?
filial piety
The island country of Japan was confronted by what form of Western power during the 19th century?
of U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry’s “black ships,” which steamed into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and forcefully demanded that the nation open up to normal relations around the world
In the second half of the 19th century, Japan undertook a radical transformation of its own society known as what, turning it into a powerful, modern, united, industrialized nation?
a “revolution from above,”
