Chapter 5 Flashcards
Written by a prominent Roman known as ____ __ ______, this eyewitness account details reactions to the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius, located on the Southwestern side of the Italian peninsula on August 24, 76 C.E.
Pliny the Younger
Sudra color was ___ and were the ____ of Purusha, as they performed the duties of labor.
Black/ignorance
feet
How were India and China’s social organizations similar?
Both civilizations determined social status for most people at birth, there was little social mobility, sharp distinctions between people and great inequalities in social life and religious or cultural traditions.
With growing popularity of Daoism it provided new images of feminine and new roles for women. Daoist texts referred to the dao as what?
as “mother” and urged the traditionally feminine virtues of yielding and passive acceptance rather than male-oriented striving of Confucianism
How many slaves were estimated to be in classical Athens?
60,000 slaves or about one-third of the total population
Following the destruction of the North African city of Carthage, how many people became enslaved the Roman empire?
55,000 people were enslaved
Towards the end of the second century, C.E. emerged a massive peasant uprising known as what?
The Yellow Turban Rebellion because of the yellow scarves the peasants wore around their heads. They got an army of 360,000 armed followers.
What was the earlier idea of how the caste system developed?
Believed to have evolved from a racially defined encounter between light-skinned Aryan invaders and the darker-hued native peoples
What did Aristotle observe about the ox?
“the poor man’s slave”
The city of Pompeii had around how many people?
around 20,000 people
A further support for this idea of inherent inequality and permanent difference derived from emerging Hindu notions of ____, _____, and ____
Karma, dharma, and rebirth
What was Sparta’s answer in case the helots ever rose up an army?
To have a militaristic regime, constantly ready for war to keep the helots in their place
Woman be law were not allowed to do what in Greece?
By law, women were forbidden to buy or sell land and could negotiate contracts only if the sum involved was valued at less than a bushel of barley
What did Romans regard their slaves as?
“barbarians” - lazy, unreliable, immoral, prone to thieving, and came to think of certain peoples, such as Asiatic Greeks, Syrians, and Jews, as slaves by nature
IN the Retirement stage of life what were their duties?
Both husband and wife withdraw to the forests following the birth of grandchildren; diminished household duties; greater focus on spiritual practice; sex permitted once a month.
Who was the god Dionysus in a mystery cult in Greece?
the god of wine, ecstasy, and poetic inspiration, popular with women
During the time what did the Hammurabi’s law code casually refer to?
Mesopotamian slavery, as it was already a long-established tradition in the region in all the First Civilizations.
Who was Wang Mang?
a high court official of the Han dynasty who usurped the emperor’s throne in 8 C.E. and immediately launched a series of startling reforms
Thus a kind of “patriarchal equilibrium” ensured what?
ensured the long-term persistence of women’s subordination despite fluctuations and notwithstanding various efforts to redefine gender roles or push against gendered expectations
Where does the term caste system come from?
From a Portuguese word casta which means “race” or “Purity of blood.”
What does hetaera mean?
a professional
What does the term “scholar-gentry” mean?
It reflected people’s twin privilege, with homes in both urban and rural areas, members of the scholar-gentry class lived luxuriously.
Brahmins color was _____ and were the ____ of Purusha, as they performed the duties as priests and teachers.
White/spirituality
Head
According to varna theory, these four classes were from the body of the god _____ and were therefore eternal and changeless.
Purusha
Pompeii revealed as a small but prosperous center of commerce and agriculture and exporting and importing of goods, what else did it host?
Also hosted numerous vineyards, production facilities for wine and olive oil, and fisheries industry as well as a tourist destination.
The Greek writer ______ exclaimed: “Teaching a woman to read and write? What a terrible thing to do! Like feeding a vile snake on more poison.”
Menander
What did the Athenian writer Xenophon declare?
he stated that Sparta’s legendary founder Lycurgus “caused lovers to abstain from sexual intercourse with boys.”
The three classes of the caste system came to be regarded as pure Aryans and were called the “_____”
“twice-born” - for they experienced not only a physical birth but also formal initiation into their respective varnas and status as people of prestigious Aryan descent.
A series of wall paintings on a Pompeii building known as the _____ __ _______ depicts the process of initiation into the cult of Dionysus, perhaps in preparation for marriage
Villa of Mysteries
Untouchables didn’t have a color nor were they apart of Purusha, since they were ______ _____
Polluted laborers
Which two Confucian texts summarized the ideal position of women in the eyes of elite male writers?
the notions of “Men go out, women stay in” which emphasized the public and political roles of men in contrast to the domestic and private domain of women
Second, “three obediences, “emphasized a woman’s subordination first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son
The greatest of the Greek philosophers Aristotle developed the notion that some people were “-______” and should be enslaved for their own good and for that of the larger society.
“slaves by nature”
To ordinary people in Pompeii, they had lararia which means what?
household shrines
During the early times of the Han Dynasty, what were merchants forbidden to do?
Forbidden to wear silk clothing, ride horses, or carry arms. Nor were they permitted to sit for civil service exams or hold public office
What were the three customs Ban Zhao observed happened when a baby girl was born?
She was placed below the bed to show that she was “lowly and weak,” required always to “humble herself before others.” Then she was given a piece of broken pottery to play with, signifying that “her primary duty [was] to be industrious.” Finally, her birth was announced to the ancestors with an offering to indicate that she was responsible for “the continuation of [ancestor] worship in the home.”
The idea that society was forever divided into four ranked classes called what was deeply embedded in Indian thinking
Varnas
What did an inscription say on the threshold of one house expressing the entrepreneurial spirit of the town?
“Gain is pure joy”
Which emperor in 124 B.C.E in China, established an imperial academy where potential officials were trained?
Emperor Wu Di
To strengthen women’s body for childbearing, girls were encouraged to do what?
Take part in sporting events- running, wrestling, throwing the discus and javelin.
Where does the term caste system come from?
From a Portuguese word casta which means “race” or “Purity of blood.”
“What causes women a bad reputation,” declared Andromache, a female character in the Greek playwright Euripides’ ___ ______ ____, “is not remaining inside.”
The Trojan Women
ON several notable occasions the slaves themselves rose in rebellion. The most famous uprising occurred in 73 B.C.E when a slave gladiator named _____ and led seventy other slaves from a school for gladiators in a desperate bid for freedom
Spartacus
When the Qin dynasty unified China by 210 B.C.E most land was held by whom?
Small-scale peasant farmers
IN 700 and 4000 B.C.E as free male citizens of Athens moved toward unprecedented participation in political life, what happened to the women?
The women experienced growing limitations. They had no role whatsoever in the Assembly, the councils, or the juries of Athens. Women had to be represented by a guardian and court proceedings did not even refer to them by name, but only as someone’s wife or mother
What had the vast majority of Roman slaves been?
Roman slaves had been prisoners captured in the many wars that accompanied the creation of the empire
In the Wandering ascetic stage of life what were their duties?
Only for men (women return to household); total rejection of ordinary existence; life as wandering hermit without shelter or possessions; caste becomes irrelevant; focus on achieving moksha and avoiding future rebirth
What were some of the luxury’s that the scholar-gentry class enjoyed?
Multi-storied houses, the finest of silk clothing, gleaming carriages, private orchestras, and high-stakes gambling
Vaisya color was _____ and were the ____ of Purusha, as they performed the duties of farmers, merchants, and artisans
Yellow/wealth
Thighs
What did the Yellow Turban movement look forward to?
the “Great Peace” a golden age of equality, social harmony, and common ownership of property
