Chapter 16 Test Flashcards
What earthquake in January 2010 not only devastated an already-impoverished country but also reawakened issues deriving from that country’s revolution against slavery and Frech colonial rule, which finally succeded in 1804?
The Haitian Earthquake
Twenty-one years later, what did the French government demand from Haiti?
a payment of 150 million gold francs in compensation for the loss of its richest colony and its “property” in slaves
To repay the French government, what did Haiti do?
Took out major loans from French, German, and North American banks, and repaying those loans was finallly completed in 1947, which drained 80 percent of Haiti’s governemnt revenue in 1915.
Writing in 1772, what did the French intellectual Voltaire ask?
My dear philosopher, doesn’t this appear to you to be the century of revolutions?
In southern Africa a series of wars and migrations known as what?
mfecane(the breaking or crushing) involved widespread and violent disruptions as well as the creation of new states and societies
In the Seven Years’ War, Britan and France joined battle in North America, the Caribbean, West Africa, and South Asia, what did the expenses of these battles prompt?
it prompted the British to levy additional taxes on their North American colonies and the French monarchy to seek new revenue from its landowners
What American revolutionary leader was the U.S. ambassador to France on the eve of the French Revolution, while there what did he do?
Thomas Jefferson; while there he provided advice and encouragement to French reformers and revolutionaries
Who was a leading figure in Spanish American struggles for independence, twice visited Haiti, where he received military aid from the first black government in the Americas?
Simon Bolivar
How were the ideas that animated the Atlantic revolutions derived from the European Enlightenment shared across the ocean?
newspapers, books, and pamphlets
Politically, what was the core notion behind the revolutions?
popular sovereignty, which meant that the authority to govern derived from the people rather than from God or from established tradition
What idea did popular sovereignty oppose?
the divine right of kings
What was another term for popular sovereignty?
natural rights
What englishman argued the “social contract” between ruler and ruled should last only as long as it served the people well?
John Locke
The Atlantic movements for a shift in power have often been referred to as what?
democratic revolutions
What was adopted by the United Nations in 1948, that echoed and amplified these new principles while providing the basis for any number of subsequent protests against oppression, tyranny and deprivation?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
What advantages did England provide for its colonies in the Americas?
protection in war, access to British markets, and confirmation of the settlers’ continuing identity as “Englishmen”
Class distinctions were real and visible in the Americas and a small class of wealthy “gentlemen”- ____ _____ ____ _____ - wore powdered wigs, imitated the latest European styles, were in political life, and generally accorded deference by ordinary people.
the Adamses, Washingtons, Jeffersons, and Hancocks
Who was the famous economist who observed that British colonists were “republican in their manners…and their government” well before their independence from England?
Adam Smith
What did British authorities, in the 1760s begin to do?
Britain began to act like a genuine imperial power, imposing a variety of new taxes and tariffs on the colonies without their consent, for they were not represented in the British Parliament
What were the colonists in the Americas of Britan armed with the ideas of?
of the Enlightenment - popular sovereignty, natural rights, the consent of the governed - they went to war, and prevailed by 1781, with aid from the French
Who later gave voice to this conservative understanding of the American Revolution: “All contracts and rights, respecting property, remained unchanged by the Revolution.”
Chief Justice John Marshall
In the century after their revolution, the United States did become the world’s most democratic country, but this development was because of what?
the gradual working out in a reformist fashion of earlier practices and the principles of equality announced in the Declaration of Independence
James Madison in what made the point clearly: “We pursued a new and more noble course…and accomplished a revolution that has ‘no parallel’ in the annals of human society?”
Federalist Papers
On the eve of the French Revolution, what did a Paris newspaper proclaim that the United States was?
the hope and model of the human race - referring to the political ideas and practice of the new country
What was proclaimed in the Declaration of INdependence and made effective only in a great struggle, inspired revolutionaries and nationalists from Simon Bolivar to Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam?
right to revolution
What were the first sustained efforts to put the political ideas of the Enlightenment into practice in the Americas?
The new U.S. Constitution - with its Bill of Rights, checks and balances, separation of church and state, and federalism
When did the French revolution begin?
in 1789
What did Thomas Jefferson, the U.S. ambassador in Paris, report in France?
they have “been awakened by our revolution.”
In a desperate effort to raise taxes against the opposition of the privileged class, the French king, Louis XVI, had called into session an ancient representative body known as what?
the Estates General
What did the Estates General consist of?
of male representatives of the three “estates,” or legal orders, of prerevolutionary France: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners
How much of the French population was comprised within the clergy and the nobility?
2 percent, with the 98% involving everyone else putting them into the commoners category
In 1789, representatives of the Third Estate (commoners), soon organized themselves into what?
the National Assembly, claiming the sole authority to make laws for the country
Where did the Third Estate meet to set up the National Assembly?
in a tennis court (tennis court oath)
What did the Third Estate write up?
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which forthrightly declared that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen were unprecedented and illegal in what?
in the “ancien regime” (the old regime), launched the French Revolution and radicalized many of the participants in the National Assembly
How were the French Revolution and the American Revolution different?
The American Revolution expressed the tensions of a colonial relationship with a distant imperial power, while the Fench was driven by sharp conflicts within French society
members of the titled nobility enjoyed what?
privilege, prestige, and wealth
Ordinary urban men and women, many of whose incomes had declined for a generation, where hit particularly hard in the late 1780s by the rapidly rising price of what and widespread unemployment?
bread
Peasants in the countryside, though largely free of serfdom, were subject to hated dues imposed by their landlords, taxes from the state, obligations to the Church, and the requirement to work without pay on public roads known as what?
corvee
What famous French writer told them that it was “manifestly contrary to the law of nature…that a handful of people should gorge themsevles with superfluities while the hungry multitude goes in want of necessities.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
In 1793 who were executed, an act of regicide that shocked traditionalists all across Europe and marked a new state in revolutionary violence?
King Louis XVI and his queen, Marie Antoinette
What followed the execution of King Louis XVI?
the Terror of 1793-1794
Under whose leadership and his Committee of Public Safety, tens of thousands deemed enemies of the revolution lost their lives on the guillotine and who was later arrested and guillotined?
Maximilien Robespierre
To get rid of the old order were symbolized by what which marked a fresh start for France?
a new calendar with the Year 1 in 1792
What demands did women also detail in their petition?
Lack of education, male competition in female trades, the prevalence of prostitution, the rapidly rising price of bread and soap
One petition, reflecting the intersection of class and gender referred to women as what?
Third Estate of the Third Estate
What small women’s group campaigned for women’s rights noting that “the laws favor men at the expense of women, because everywhere power is in your hands?”
the Cercle Social (Social Circle)
What French playwright and journalist appropriated the language of the Declaration of Rights to insist that “woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights?”
Olympe de Gouges
