Chapter 13 Part 2 Flashcards
What sharply defined racial system evolved in North America?
with black Africans, “red” Native Americans, and white Europeans
What countrie’s colonies acknowledged a wide variety of mixed-race groups?
Portuguese and Spanish colonies
In North America, any African ancestry, no matter how small or distant, made a person what?
black
In Brazil, a person of African and non-African ancestry were considered not black but what?
some other mixed-race category.
A light-skinned mulatto who had acquired some wealth or education might well pass as what?
white
What were the northern British colonies?
New England, New York, and Pennsylvania
Where did the Puritans go?
Massachusetts
Where did the Quakers go?
Pennsylvania
What did many of the British settlers seek?
to escape aspects of an old European society rather than to re-create it, as was the case for the Spanish and Portuguese
Most of the land in New England were owned by who?
by nobles and gentry and worked by servants, tenants, and paid laborers
What did the Boston minister, Benjamin Wadsworth in 1712, declare to the colony’s women?
Since he is thy Husband, God has made him the Head and set him above thee.
Women were prosecuted for what crime far more often than their male companions?
fornication
What were some of the unfair treatments women found in the colonies?
The inheritance of daughters was substantially less than that of sons; few girls attended school; and while women were the majority of church members, they could never become ministers
How did British settlers outnumber their Spanish counterparts in 1750?
5 to 1
By the American Revolution what percentage of the colonies were Euroepans?
90 percent
A small Russian state centered on the city of Moscow was located where?
Located on the remote, cold, and heavily forested eastern fringe of Christendom
The new Russian empire gained domination over what?
over the vast tundra, forests, and grasslands of northern Asia that lay to the south and east of Moscow, all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, Russians also expanded westward, bringing numerous Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, Belorussians, and Baltic peoples into the Russian Empire
What drew Russians across Siberia?
Opportunity - primarily the “soft gold” of fur-bearing animals, whose pelts were in great demand
When did the Russian Empire take shape?
between 1500 and 1800
Russians demanded what from native people?
an oath of allegiance, who swore “eternal submission to the grand tsar.”
What was the monarch of the Russian Empire called?
the grand tsar
What did the Russians also demand of their people?
yasak, or “tribute,” paid in cash or in kind
What did Siberia do to pay the yasak?
furs, especially the extremely valuable sable
What empress established religious tolerance for Muslims in the late 18th century and created a state agency to oversee Muslim affairs?
Catherine the Great
By 1720, how many Russians lived in Siberia?
700,000
What were the Russian markets?
grain, sugar, tea, tobacco, and alcohol
How did Kazakh herders respond to the pressure put on them to abandon their nomadic ways and to pay fees and permission to cross agricultural lands?
The grass and the water belong to Heaven, and why should we pay any fees?
Intermarriage, prostitution, and sexual abuse resulted in some mixed-race offspring, but these were generally absorbed as what?
Russians
In Siberia and the Steppes what did Russian influence make them?
Russified, adopting the Russian language and converting to Christianity
For Russia, what were bands of fiercely independent warriors consisting of peasants who had escaped serfdom called?
Cossacks - led by Yermak in the 16th century
