Chapter 13 Flashcards
What view did Winona LaDuke, president of the Indigenous Women’s network, think about Christopher Columbus on the 500th anniversary of his arrival?
Columbus was a perpetrator of genocide…, a slave trader, a thief, a pirate, and most certainly not a hero
In 1892, what did a presidential proclamation cite Columbus as?
a brave “pioneer of progress and enlightenment” and told everyone to “express honor to the discoverer and their appreciation of the great achievements of four completed centuries of American life.”
What areas still hosted gathering and hunting societies, known as Paleolithic people?
All of Australia, much of Siberia, the arctic coastlands, and parts of Africa and the Americas fell into this category
Over many thousands of years, what material items or cultural practices from outsiders did Paleolithic learn about?
outrigger canoes, fishhooks, complex netting techniques, artistic styles, rituals, and mythological ideas.
What farming technique used to master and manipulate their environments, did the Australian people learn of?
firestick farming, a pattern of deliberately set fires, which described as “cleaning up the country.”
A different kind of gathering and hunting society flourished in the 15th century along the northwest coast of North America among who?
the Chinookan, Tulalip, Skagit, and other people.
The Chinookan, Tulalip, and Skagit people of the northwest coast of North America, had some 300 edible animal species and fish considering scholars to call their society what?
complex or “affluent”
What distinguished the northwest coast people of North America to those of Australia?
They had permanent village settlements with large sturdy houses, considerable economic specialization, ranked societies that sometimes included slavery, chiefdoms dominated by powerful clan leaders or “big men,” and extensive storage of food.
East of the Niger River in the heavily forested region of West Africa lay the lands of what peoples?
the Igbo peoples
Who were the neighbors of the Igbo people, who by the fifteenth century had begun to develop small states and urban centers?
Yoruba and Bini
What did the Igbo boast about on the occasion?
The Igbo have no kings.
What did the Igbo people rely on?
on other institutions to maintain social cohesion beyond the level of the village.
Who described the Igbo people as a “stateless society?”
Chinua Achebe
In what book by Chinua Achebe, were the Igbo people described as a “stateless society?”
Things Fall Apart, the most widely read novel to emerge from twentieth century Africa
Who did the Igbo trade with?
traded actively with themselves and with the large African kingdom of Songhay far to the north.
What peoples lived in what is now central New York State?
The Iroquois-speaking peoples who recently became fully agricultural, adopting maize and bean farming techniques, taking hold by 1300 or so.
Who were the peoples of the loose alliance or confederation among five Iroquois-speaking peoples?
the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
What was the agreement known as between the five Iroquois-speaking peoples?
the Great Law of Peace-where they agreed to settle their differences peacefully to a council with 50 leaders.
What did the five Iroquois-speaking peoples call themselves as they formed a loose alliance with each other?
the Five Nations
The Iroquois League gave concepts that some European colonists found attractive, with one British colonial administrator declaring in 1740 that the Iroquois had what?
had “such absolute Notions of Liberty that allow no Kind of Superiority of one over another, and banish all Servitude from their Territories.”
The Mongol Empire had a brief attempt to restore in the late 14th and early 15th century under the leadership of what Turkic warrior?
Timur, born in what is now Uzbekistan
What is another name for the Turkic warrior named Timur?
Tamerlane, in the West he was known as
West Africa’s largest pastoral society located in the western fringe of the Sahara along the upper Senegal River, was known as what?
Fulbe
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Fulbe were at the center of a wave of religiously based uprisings known as what?
jihads, which greatly expanded Islam and gave rise to new states ruled by the Fulbe
During what dynasty did China recover, as they discouraged use of Mongol names and dress, while promoting Confucian learning and orthodox gender roles?
Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
What emperor sponsored an enormous Encyclopedia of some 11,000 volumes, seeking to compile all previous writing on historyy, geography, philosophy, ethics, government, and more?
Emperor Yongle
Where did Emperor Yongle locate the capital?
to Beijing
At the new capital of Beijing, what did Emperor Yongle order to be built there?
the building of a magnificent imperial residence known as the Forbidden City, and constructed the Temple of Heaven
In the Ming dynasty power was concentrated in the hands of the emperor himself, while a cadre of eunuchs personally loyal to the emperor exercised great authority. What are eunuchs?
castrated men
When did China recover and was perhaps the best governed and most prosperous of the world’s major civilizations?
during the fifteenth century
The enormous fleet, commissioned by Emperor Yongle in 1405 was captained by what Muslim eunuch?
Zheng He, who sought to enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system
What did Zheng He’s expeditions erve to establish?
Chinese power and prestige in the Indian Ocean and to exert Chinese control over foreign trade in the region
After 1433, Chinese authorities simply stopped such expeditions and allowed this enormous and expensive fleet to deteriorate in port, why?
In less than a hundred years, the greatest navy the world had ever known had ordered itself into extinction. The reason involved the death of the emperor Yongle as many officials saw the expeditions as a waste of resources, and also viewed the voyages as the project of the court eunuchs, whom these officials despised.
What states learned to tax their citizens more efficiently?
Spain, Portugal, France, England, the city-states of Italy, and various German principalities
Who fought intermittently for more than a century in the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) over rival claims to territory?
England and France (the war was really 116 years)
