Chapter 13 Test Flashcards
Who said, “What he [Vladimir Putin] wants to do, you can just see the lust in his eyes, he wants to re-create the Russian empire, and this move on Crimea is his first step.”
U.S. senator Bill Nelson in March of 2014
Across the immese expanse of Serbia, who consructed what was then the world’s largest terrirtorial empire, making them an Asian as well as a European power?
Russia
Who penetrated deep into Inner Asia, doubling the size of the country whil incorporating millions of new people who practiced Islam, Buddhism, or animistic religions?
Qing dynasty China
What Empire on the south Asian peninsula, brought Hindus and muslims into a closer relationship ever before, sometimes quite peacefully and at other times with great conflict?
Islamic Mughal Empire
Who was Columbus sailing for and what was their focus?
Sailing for Spain and they focused their empire-building efforts in the Caribbean and the mainland, attacking the fragile Aztec and Inca empires
Where did the Portuguese establish themselves?
along the coast of present-day Brazil
In the early 17th century, what countries launched colonial settlements along the eastern coast of north America?
British, French, and Dutch
How did geography provide the Europeans with an advantage to going across the Atlantic?
The countries on the Atlantic rim of Europe were simply closer to the Americas than were any potential Asian competitors
What also helped the Europeans advance into the Americas, once they mastered it?
The fixed winds of the Atlantic blew steadily in the same direction, once they were understood, they provided a far different maritime environment than the alternating monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean
To avoid reliance on Muslim intermediaries, where did impoverished nobles and commoners alike find opportunity and wealth?
In the colonies
Missionaries and others were inspired by what to enlarge the realm of Christendom?
inspired by crusading eal
What were persecuted minorities in search of when coming to the colonies?
To escape their lives and start a new one
People from Europe’s reasons for coming to the colonies can be described in what 4 words?
God, gold, guns, and glory.
What technologies allowed the Europeans to cross the Atlantic and ultimately dominate the Americas?
Their seafaring technology - allowing them to cross the Atlantic (rudder, lateen sail, compass); Their ironworking technology (sword); Gunpowder weapons; Horses
What allowed many of the Europeans to gain allies?
the divisions within and between local societies
Because of their hate for the Aztec Empire, what people allied with Hernan Cortes and the Spanish in an assault on that empire?
Tlaxcalans, former subjects of the Aztecs
A violent dispute between what two brothers rivalry to gain control for the Inca throne, helped the Euroepans invade?
Atahualpa and Huascar
What advantages helped the Europeans ultimately expand their empire? Guns….
Guns, germs, and steel
What was the most significant of European advantages with which Native peoples had no familiarity?
germs and disease
Long isolation from the Afro-Eurasian world and the lack of most domesticated animals meant the absence of what?
acquired immunities to Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and later, yellow fever
When Native American peoples came into contact with these European and African diseases they lost up to what percentage of the population?
90 percent
What lady, born around 1505, was the daughter of an elite and cultured family in the borderlands between the Maya and Aztec cultures in what is now southern Mexico?
Malinal (Dona Marina or La Malinche)
Why was Malinal (Dona Marina or La Malinche) sold into slavery?
After her father died and mother remarried, to protect her new brother’s inheritance, Malinal’s family sold her into slavery, coming into the possession of a Maya chieftain in Tabasco on the Gulf of Mexico
After Cortes married Dona Marina off to what other Spanish conquistador?
Juan Jaramillo
How do some scientists link the Little Ice Age to the Great Dying?
That it was a result of the desertion of large areas of Native farmland and ended the burning of forest regions, sparking a resurgence of plant life, which in turn took large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, out of the atmosphere, contributing to global cooling
What is the term General Crisis?
What scholars call when the Little Ice Age reached its peak in many regions in the mid 17th century.
During the General Crisis what happened?
Irregular rainfall near the equator, creating the Sahara desert; Wet, colt summers reduced harvest dramatically; severe droughts ruined crops in China; these weather conditions brought widespread famines, epidemics, uprisings, and wars in which millions perished
How did the General Crisis effect the Americas?
In central Mexico, heartland of the Aztec Empire, suffered severe drought, sending maize prices up, granaries empty, people dehydrated, and promoted an unsuccessful plot to declare Mexico’s independence
What statue gained a reputation for producing rain?
Our Lady of Guadalupe (seen as a patron saint)
To the colonial societies of the Americas, what did the Europeans and Africans bring with them?
Their germs, plants, animals, and new foods
What new foods did the Europeans and Africans bring to the Americas?
wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, and many garden vegetables and fruits, as well as numerous weeds
What new animals did the Europeans and Africans bring to the Americas?
horses, pigs, cattle, goats, and sheep - all of which were new to the Americas
What animal transformed the Americas the most?
the horses
What American food crops spread widely in the Eastern Hemisphere?
Corn, potatoes, and cassava and chilis
In China what foods supplemented the traditional rice and wheat to sustain China’s modern population explosion?
Corn, peanuts, and especially sweet potatoes
What American stimulants were soon used around the world?
Tobacco and chocolate
Where were coffee and tea originally from?
Tea from China and coffee from Ethiopia and Islamic World
What trade brought workers to the colonies and into the sugar and cotton trade?
The Atlantic Slave Trade
What was the enormous network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and the transfer of plants and animals between Eurasia and the Americas called?
The Columbian Exchange
What new revolutions were brought out of the Columbian Exchange?
The Scientific Revolution and Industrial Revolution (pg 563)
What is bullion?
precious metals such as silver and gold formed in bricks
Colonies provided what for the manufactured goods of the “mother country” and supplied great quantities of bullion as well?
closed markets
What allowed Spanish colonists to exchange goods with Spain’s rivals?
piracy and smuggling (most famous pirate was Black Beard)
What additional demands did women have to cope with?
conquest was often accompanied by the transfer of women to the new colonial rulers, and were often distributed
In what legal system was the Spanish Crown granted to particular Spanish settlers a number of local native people form whom they could require labor, gold, or agricultural produce and to whom they owed “protection” and instruction in the Christian faith?
encomienda
What new system replaced encomienda and gave slightly more control by the Crown and Spanish officials?
repartimiento
