Chapter 12 Flashcards
What view did Winona LaDuke, president of the Indigenous Women’s network, think about Christopher Columbus on the 500th anniversary of his arrival?
Columbus was a perpetrator of genocide…, a slave trader, a thief, a pirate, and most certainly not a hero
What Central Asian Turkic warrior launched the last major pastoral invasion of adjacent civilizations?
Timur
What areas still hosted gathering and hunting societies, known as Paleolithic people?
All of Australia, much of Siberia, the arctic coastlands, and parts of Africa and the Americas fell into this category
In Australia how many separate groups still practiced a gathering and hunting way of life in the fifteenth century?
250 of them
What material items or cultural practices from outsiders did Australian gathering and hunting peoples learn?
outrigger canoes, fishhooks, complex netting techniques, artistic styles, rituals, and mythological ideas
Where was the presence of farmers located but never reached the Australian mainland?
New Guinea
Australia’s people had mastered and manipulated their environment with the practice of what?
firestick farming,’ a pattern of deliberately set fires, which they described as cleaning up the country.”
What did “firestick farming” in Australia serve to do?
The controlled burns served to clear the underbrush, thus making hunting easier and encouraging the growth of certain plant and animals species
How did native Australians interact with each other?
they exchanged goods over hundreds of miles, created elaborate mythologies and ritual practices, and developed sophisticated traditions of sculpture and rock paintings
In the fifteenth century along the northwest coast of north America among who did Paleolithic people flourish?
Chinookan, Tulalip, Skagit, and other peoples
How many different edible animal species did the northwest coast of North America have along with an abundance of salmon and other fish?
300
The extraordinarily bounteous enviornment in northwest coast of North America provided the foundation for what scholars call what?
complex or “affluent” gather and hunting cultures
What distinguished the nortwest coast peoples from those of Australia?
Were permanent village settlements with large and sturdy houses, considerable economic specialization, ranked societies that sometimes included slavery, chiefdoms dominated by powerful clan leaders or “big men,” and extensive storage of food
Where did full agricultural people who avoided incorporation into larger empires or civilization predominated where?
Organized in kinship relations, such people predominated during the fifteenth century in much of North America; in most of the tropical lowlands of South America and the Caribbean; in parts of the Amazon River basin, southeast Asia, and Africa south of the equator; and throughout the Pacific Oceania
What peoples lands lay East of the Niger River in the heavily forested region of West Africa?
the Igbo people
Who were the neighbors of the Igbo people who by the fiteenth century, had begun to develop small states and urban centers?
Yoruba and Bini
What did the Igbo boast on occasion?
the Igbo have no kings.
What did the Igbo people rely on?
relied on other institutions to maintain social cohesion beyond the level of the village
Who described the Igbo peoples as a “stateless society?”
Chinua Achebe
In what book did Chinua Achebe famously describe the Igbo people as a “stateless society?”
Things Fall Apart, which is the most widely read novel to emerge from twentieth century Africa
Who did the Igbo people trade actively with?
themselves and with more distant peoples such as the large African kingdom of Songhay, far to the north.
What Igbo goods drew neighboring peoples into networks of exchange?
cotton cloth, fish, copper and iron goods, decorative objects and more
Common artistic traditions reflected a measure of cultural unity in the Igbo people, and all fo these peoples seem to have changed from a matrilineal to what kind of system of tracing their descent?
patrilineal system
Across the Atlantic in now what, other agricultural village societies were also in the process of substantial change preceding their incorporation into European trading networks and empires?
New York State
The Iroquois-speaking peoples of the central New York State adopted what techniques?
adopted maize and bean farming techniques that had originated centuries earlier in Mesoamerica
Igbo Art widely known for their masks, they were also among the first to produce bronze castings using what method?
the “lost wax” method
The increased level of conflict among the Iroquois peoples triggered around the fifteenth century what?
a loose alliance or confederation among five Iroquois-speaking peoples - the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
What Iroquois-speaking peoples formed loose alliances or confederations?
the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
The Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca formed what agreement that made them settle their differences peacefully through a confederation
The Great Law of peace,
What did the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca alliance call themselves?
the Five Nations
In the Five Nations, how many council of clan leaders were there?
fifty of them altogether
What did the council of clan leaders have the authority to do?
to adjudicate disputes and set reparation payments
To the Iroquois people how was gender relationships extended?
descent was matrilineal (through the woman’s line), married couples lived with the wife’s family, and women controlled agriculture and property
A brief attempt to restore the Mongol Empire in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries was under the leadership of what Turkic warrior?
Timur, who was born in what is now Uzbekistan and known in the West as Tamerlane
What people did Timur’s army of pastoralists bring immense devastation to yet again?
Russia, Persia, and India
When did Timur die?
in 1405, while preparing for an invasion of China
Timur’s descendants hosted a sophisticated elite culture, combining Turkic and Persian elements, particularly where?
in their capital of Samarkand, as its rulers patronized artists, poets, traders, and craftsmen
What was West Africa’s largest pastoral society, which provides an example of an African herding people with a highly significant role in the fifteenth century and beyond?
Fulbe
Where was the homeland of the Fulbe people?
in the western fringe of the Sahara along the upper Senegal River and migrated gradually eastward in the centuries after 1000 C.E.
How did the Fulbe people live?
in small communities among agricultural peoples and paid various grazing fees and taxes for the privilege of pasturing their cattle
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Fulbe were at the center of what?
of a wave of religiously based uprising, or jihads, which greatly expanded the practice of Islam and the rise of new states, ruled by the Fulbe
During what dynasty did China recover?
the Ming dynasty
What emperor of the Ming dynasty sponsored an enormous Encyclopedia of some 11,000 volumes?
Emperor Yongle
What was the Encyclopedia sponsored by Emperor Yongle seeking to do?
to summarize or compile all previous writing on history, geography, philosophy, ethics, government, and more
Emperor Yongle of the Ming dynasty relocated the capital to where?
to Beijing
What was the imperial residence that Emperor Yongle built known as?
the Forbidden City
What temple did Emperor Yongle also create?
the Temple of Heaven, where subsequent rulers performed Confucian-based rituals to ensure the well-being of Chinese society
What did the Ming dynasty also reestablish that had been neglected under Mongol rule and went on to create a highly centralized government?
the civil service examination system
Power was concentrated only to the Emperor while what personally loyal to the emperor exercised great authority, to the dismay of the official bureaucrats?
a cadre of eunuchs (castrated men)
What was the enormous fleet, commisioned by Emperor Yongle in 1405 encompassing?
Onboard more than 300 ships of the first voyage was a crew of some 27,000, including 180 physicians, hundreds of government officials 5 astrologers, 7 high-ranking or grand eunuchs, carpenters, tailors, accountants, merchants, translators, cooks, and thousands of soldiers and sailors
What Muslim eunuch sought to enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system?
Zheng He
Chinese officals were amused by some of the exotic products to be found abroad including what?
ostriches, zebras, and giraffes
What Western civilzations learned to tax their citizens more efficiently, to create more effective administrative structures, and to raise standing armies?
Spain, Portugal, France, England, the city-states of Italy, and various German principlaities
What countries fought intermittently for more than a century in the Hundred Years’ War over rival claims to territory?
England and France
Where and when did the Renaissance begin?
in the vibrant commercial cities of Italy between roughly 1350 and 1500
What did the Renaissance reflect the belief of?
the wealthy male elite that they were living in a wholly new era, far removed from the confined religious world of feudal Europe
Educated citizens during the Renaissance sought inspiration in the art and literature of whom?
of ancient Greece and Rome; they were “returning to the sources”
The elite patronized what great Renaissance artists whose paintings and sculptures were far more naturalistic, particularly portraying the human body, than those of their medieval counterparts?
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael
Whose famous work The Prince was a prescription for political success based on the way politics actually operated in a highly competitve Italy of rival city-states rather than on idealistic and religiously based principles?
Niccolo Machiavelli
What map was created in 1507, by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemuller, refleted a dawning European awareness of the planet’s global dimensions and the location of the world’s major landmassses?
The Waldseemuller map
Who was the daughter of a Venetian offical, who lived mostly in Paris?
Christine de Pizan
What writing of Christine de Pizan did she mobilize numerous women from history, Christian and pagan alike, to demonsrate that women too could be active members of society and deserved an education equal to that of men?
City of Ladies
In 1492, Christopher Columbus, funded by who, made his way west across the Atlantic hoping to arrive in the East but landing in the Americas?
Spain
In 1497, who launched a voyage that took him around the tip of South Africa, along the East African coast, and, with the help of a Muslim pilot, across the Indian Ocean to Calicut in southern India?
Vasco da Gama
What were Europeans seeking in their voyages?
gold, spices, silk and more
When was the 500th anniversary of Columbus’s arrival in the Americas?
1992
What followed in the wake of Columbus’s first voyage to what was for him an altogether New World?
Citing the history of death, slavery, racism, and exploitation that followed his voyage
In 1892, what did the people think of Columbus?
A presidential proclamation cited Columbus as a brave pioneer of progress and enlightenment” and instructed Americans to “express honor to the discoverer and their appreciation of the great achievements of four completed centuries of American life.”
