Chapter 14 Test Flashcards
What did an African American woman from Atlanta write in 2002 in the guest book of the Cape Coast Castle, one of the many ports for slaves located along the coast of Ghana in West Africa?
I have come full circle back to my destiny: from Africa to America and back to Africa, I could hear the cries and wails of my ancestors, I weep with them and for them
Seeking to monopolize the spice trade, what title did the Portuguese king give himself?
Lord of the Conquest, navigations, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India.
What did Portuguese authorities in the East try to require all merchant vessels to purchase?
a cartaz, or pass, to go around Africa and to pay duties of 6 to 10 percent on their cargoes
What amount of the spice trade did the Portuguese control?
only about half of the spice trade to Europe
What rising Asian states actively resisted Portuguese commercial control?
Japan, Burma, Mughal India, Persia, and the sultanate of Oman
What country was first to challenge Portugal’s position?
Spain - they soon realized that they were behind in the race to gain riches of the East
Where did Spain establish themselves, which was named after the Spanish king Philip II?
the Philippine Islands
When did the Spanish first encounter the Philippine Islands?
during the famous round-the-world voyage (1519-1521) of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese mariner sailing on behalf of the Spanish Crown.
What encouraged the Spanish to establish outright colonial rule on the islands rather than a trading post empire?
their proximity to China and the spice islands, small and militarily weak societies, and the absence of competing clans
What was a major missionary effort of the Spanish to reach?
to turn Filipino society into the only major outpost of Christianity in Asia
On what island was Islam gaining strength and providing an ideology of resistance to Spanish encroachment?
on the southern island of Mindanao
What was the new capital of the colonial Philippines?
Manila - by 1600 having more than 40,000 people, attracting Japanese and Chinese
During the 16th century what people had become a highly commercialized and urbanized society?
The Dutch
What were the names of the private trading companies the British and the Dutch had that came around 1600?
The British East India Company and The Dutch East India Company
Where did the Dutch focus themselves?
on the islands of Indonesia
Where did the English focus themselves?
in India
Operating in Indonesia, a fragmented and weak region, the Dutch acted to control what?
the shipping of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace but also their production
On what island, famous for nutmeg, did the Dutch kill, enslave, or starve the population of 15,000 people and replaced them with Dutch planters using slave labor to produce the nutmeg crop?
Banda Islands
During the 17th century, the Dutch were able to monopolize trade on nutmeg, mace, and cloves and to sell to Europe and India at how many times the price they paid in Indonesia?
14 to 17 times as much
Where did the Dutch East India Company also briefly establish themselves off the coast of southern China, from 1624 and 1662, hoping to produce deerskins, rice, and sugar for export?
Taiwan
How did the British East India Company operate differently from the Dutch?
less financed and less commercially sophisticated, as they were excluded from the rich Spice Islands by the Dutch monopoly
What are the three major trading settlements during the 17th century that the British East India Company established in India?
Bombay (now Mumbai), on India’s west coast, and Calcutta and Madras, on the east coast
The British navy gained control of what, but on land who were they no match for?
They got control of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf, but were no match for the Mughal Empire.
The British couldn’t practice what, like the Dutch, rather they had to access permission from the Mughals for their bases?
they couldn’t practice “trade by warfare”
What did British merchants come to focus more attention on?
on Indian cotton textiles, which were popular in England and the American colonies
What bulk goods did the Dutch and English traders begin to sell for mass market?
pepper, textiles, and later tea and coffee
In the 18th century, what did the Dutch and British trading posts slowly evolve into?
into a more conventional form of colonial domination, in which the British came to rule India and the Dutch controlled Indonesia
What Southeast Asian state was able to expel the French in 1688?
Siam
Japan was plagued by endemic conflict among numerous feudal lords known as what?
daimyo, each with his own cadre of samurai warriors
Japan was politically unified, under the leadership of a supreme military commander known as what?
the shogun, who hailed from the Tokugawa clan
From 1650 to 1850, Japanese authorities of Tokugawa shogunate largely closed their country off from the emerging world of European commerce, except who?
the Dutch
Within India, large and wealthy family firms, such as the one headed by who during the 17th century, were able to monopolize the buying and selling of particular products such as pepper or coral?
Virji Vora
Vora was often the only source of loans for the cash-strapped Europeans, forcing them to pay interest rates as high as what percentage annually?
12 to 18 percent annually
The mid 16th century discovery of enormously rich silver deposits where suddenly provided a vastly increased supply of that precious metal?
Bolivia and Japan
Spanish America alone produced perhaps what percentage of the world’s silver during the early modern era?
85 percent
What was the colonial capital of the Philippines, was the destination of annual Spanish shipments of silver, which were drawn from the rich mines of Bolivia, transported initially to Acapulco in Mexico, and from there shipped across the Pacific to the Philippines?
Manila
Who was at the hear of the Pacific Web?
China’s huge economy, especially its growing demand for silver
Chain’s tax in 1570, was now required to be payed in what?
silver
What was the standard Spanish silver coin known as?
a “piece of eight,” which was used by merchants in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as a medium of exchange
Where has silver trasnformed most profoundly?
Potosi - the site of a huge silver-mining operation in what is now Bolivia
In Japan, how did its military rulers, the Tokugawa shoguns use the silver-generated profits?
to defeat hundreds of rival feudal lords and unify the country
When was Japan’s remarkable Industrial Revolution?
19th century, because of their investment into agricultural and industrial enterprises, also they took steps to have fewer children with abortion, infanticide, etc.
What 18the century Chinese poet gave voice to the fears that this ecological transformation generated a loss of the trees?
Wang Dayue
What did French laws in 1717 prohibite the wearing of?
of Indian cotton or Chinese silk clothing as a means of protecting French industry
What were the fur-bearing animals?
beaver, rabbits, sable, marten, and deer
Where were the French most prominent in?
the St. Lawrence valley, around the Great Lakes, and later along the Mississippi River
Where were the British traders pushed into?
the Hudson Bay region
Where did the Dutch focus their attention?
along the Hudson River in present-day New York
What European trading goods were used by merchants to pay for the furs of North America?
guns, blankets, metal tools, rum, and brandy
Who was the chief of the New England Narragansett people who spoke of the environmental consequences of English colonialism?
Miantonomo
What people lived on the northern shores of Lake Erie and Ontario in the 17th century and exchanged pelts, in return for what?
the Hurons and they got copper pots, metal axes, knives, cloth, firearms, and alcohol
Among what people were iron tools and cooking pots replaced those of stone, wood, or bone; gunpowder weapons replaced bows and arrows; and European textiles proved more attractive than beaver and deerskin clothing; and flint and steel better than wooden drills?
Algonquians
What was a destructive European import?
alcohol - rum and brandy and whiskey
Among what gathering and hunting people in the northern Great Lakes region, women had traditionally acquired economic power by creating food, utensils, clothing, and decorations from the hides and flesh of the animals?
Ojibwa
The profitability of that trade in furs was the chief incentive for Russia’s rapid expansion across Siberia where the “_____ _____” of fur-bearing animals was abundant?
soft gold
Russian authorities imposed a tax payable in what ways on every Siberian?
furs
How long was the Atlantic slave trade around and how many people were put through it?
1500 and 1866, with an estimated 12.5 million people from African societies, shipped across the Atlantic in the infamous Middle Passage and deposited some 10.7 million to the Americas, with about 1.8 million dying on the transatlantic crossing
Before 1500, what areas were the major arenas of the Old World slave trade, and southern Russia was a major source of slaves?
the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean basins
What was the margin of a preference for female slaves?
2 to 1
Slavic-speaking peoples from the Black Sea region furnished the bulk of the slaves for Mediterranean plantations, so much so that “slav” became the basis for what word?
slave
What was widely used as money in West Africa?
cowrie shells
What did AFrican sellers seek in exchange for slaves?
cowrie shells, European metal goods, firearms and gunpowder, tobacco and alcohol, and various decorative items
What years marked the high point of the slave trade as the plantation economies of the Americas boomed?
1700 and 1850
Geographically, the slave trade drew mainly on what societies?
of West and South-Central Africa from present-day Mauritania in the north to Angola in the south
Slaves were drawn from what various marginal groups in African societies?
prisoners of war, criminals, debtors, people who had been “pawned” during times of difficulty
Where did the vast majority of enslaved Africans end up?
In Brazil or the Caribbean, where the labor demands of the plantation economy were most intense
What was the mortality rate of the journey across the Atlantic with the Middle Passage?
14 percent
What were free communities of former slaves known as?
maroon societies, which were founded in remote regions, especially in South America and the Caribbean
What was the largest of the maroon societies?
Palmares in Brazil which housed more than 10,000 people of African descent but also included Native Americans, mestizos, and renegade whites
What revolution/rebellion of the 1790s was a full-scale slave revolt that brought lasting freedom for its participants?
Haitian Revolution
What percentage of the world’s population in 1600 have scholars estimated that sub-Saharan Africa represented? How about 1900?
18 percent; 6 percent
What foods introduced from the Americas, added a new source of calories to African diets, but the international demand was for Africa’s people, not its agricultural products?
Maize and manioc (cassava)
During the 17th century, what movement appeared along the lower and middle stretches of the Congo River, which brought together the mercantile elite - chiefs, traders, caravan leaders - of a region heavily involved in the slave trade?
Lemba cult
What did Lemba officials seek to do?
to counter the disruptive impact of the slave trade and to maintain elite privileges in an area that lacked an overarching state authority
What was used in the Senegambia region to distinguish themselves more clearly from ordinary peasants?
Retaining female slaves for their own use allowed warriors and nobles to do this
Some of the women involved in cross-cultural marriages, known as what, became quite wealthy, operating their own trading empires with slaves?
signares
What kingdom expanded during the 18th century, the royal palace, housing thousands of women and presided over by a powerful Queen Mother, served to integrate the diverse regions of the state?
Kingdom of Dahomey
In what kingdom, were women holding lower-level administrative positions, the head wife of a nobleman exercised authority over hundreds of junior wives and slaves, and women served on the council that advised the monarch?
in the Kingdom of Kongo
What neighboring region was known for its female rulers, most notably what powerful queen, who guided the state amid the complexities and intrigues of various European and African rivalries and gained a reputation for her resistance to Portuguese imperialim?
Matamba; Queen Nzinga
What did oral traditions in southern Ghana report?
there was no rest in the land
What larger kingdoms disintegrated as access to trading opportunities and firearms enabled outlying regions to establish their independence?
Kongo and Oyo
What kingdom was in the forest area of present-day Nigeria, and successfully avoided a deep involvement in the trade while disversifying the exports with which it purchased European firearms and other goods?
the Kingdom of Benin
What kingdom turned to a vigorous involvement in the slave trade in the 18th century under strict royal control, with the slave trade their becoming the chief business of the state until the 19th century?
kingdom of Dahomey
Between 1450 and 1750, what trade did Europeans get involved with of the Indian Ocean?
the ancient spice trade
What material was obtained from mines in Spanish America, enriched Western Europe, even China, allowing Europeans to participate in the rich commerce of East Asia?
Silver
What material from North America and Siberia found a ready market in Europe and China?
Furs
What voyage in 1497-1499 was planned out by this Portuguese mariner?
Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India, going around the tip of Africa, up the East African coast, and to southern India in 1498, was no accident.
What was the motivaton behind the voyages of Europe?
for Tropical spices - cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves (Fine Spices) and pepper (Not a fine spice)
What other products were wanted in the East?
Chinese silk, Indian cottons, rhubarb for medicinal purposes, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires, in great demand
What countires during the 15th century had national monarchies?
Spain, Portugal, England, and France - they learned how to tax their subjects and build great militaries with gunpowder
What areas were becoming centers of international commerce, giving birth to economies based on market exchange, private ownership, and investment?
in England, the Netherlands, and northern Italy
What city in Europe and a monopoly in the European trade in Eastern goods, and annually sent convoys of ships to Alexandria in Egypt?
Venice
What people also had a monopoly on silk and spices trade?
Muslims (Turkic Ottomans)
What was the mysterious Christian king, who persuaded many Europeans?
Prester John
How were Europeans required to pay because the European markets weren’t as attractive as Eastern markets?
pay cash - gold or silver - for Asian spices or textiles
What areas in the Americas had rich silver deposits?
Mexico and Peru
What country was the first of the Europeans to go out and explore and who followed?
Portugal was first, then Spain, the Netherlands (Dutch), and lastly England
Why were the Portuguese able to get control of trade routes?
Because of their powerful cannons on their ships, as they could outgun and outmaneuver competing naval forces
Where did the Portuguese establish fortified bases within the Indian Ocean world?
Mombasa in East Africa, Hormuz at the Persian Gulf,Goa on the west coast of India, Malacca in Southeast Asia, and Macao on the south coast of China
What fort in 1505 did the Portuguese fleet sack the city, killed 1,500 people and took large quantities of cotton and silk textiles and carpets?
Mombasa
What type of empire had the Portuguese created in the Indian Ocean known as?
trading post empire,” for they aimed to control commerce, not large quantities of land or populations
