Chapter 14 Test Flashcards
What did an African American woman from Atlanta write in 2002 in the guest book of the Cape Coast Castle, one of the many ports for slaves located along the coast of Ghana in West Africa?
I have come full circle back to my destiny: from Africa to America and back to Africa, I could hear the cries and wails of my ancestors, I weep with them and for them
Seeking to monopolize the spice trade, what title did the Portuguese king give himself?
Lord of the Conquest, navigations, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India.
What did Portuguese authorities in the East try to require all merchant vessels to purchase?
a cartaz, or pass, to go around Africa and to pay duties of 6 to 10 percent on their cargoes
What amount of the spice trade did the Portuguese control?
only about half of the spice trade to Europe
What rising Asian states actively resisted Portuguese commercial control?
Japan, Burma, Mughal India, Persia, and the sultanate of Oman
What country was first to challenge Portugal’s position?
Spain - they soon realized that they were behind in the race to gain riches of the East
Where did Spain establish themselves, which was named after the Spanish king Philip II?
the Philippine Islands
When did the Spanish first encounter the Philippine Islands?
during the famous round-the-world voyage (1519-1521) of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese mariner sailing on behalf of the Spanish Crown.
What encouraged the Spanish to establish outright colonial rule on the islands rather than a trading post empire?
their proximity to China and the spice islands, small and militarily weak societies, and the absence of competing clans
What was a major missionary effort of the Spanish to reach?
to turn Filipino society into the only major outpost of Christianity in Asia
On what island was Islam gaining strength and providing an ideology of resistance to Spanish encroachment?
on the southern island of Mindanao
What was the new capital of the colonial Philippines?
Manila - by 1600 having more than 40,000 people, attracting Japanese and Chinese
During the 16th century what people had become a highly commercialized and urbanized society?
The Dutch
What were the names of the private trading companies the British and the Dutch had that came around 1600?
The British East India Company and The Dutch East India Company
Where did the Dutch focus themselves?
on the islands of Indonesia
Where did the English focus themselves?
in India
Operating in Indonesia, a fragmented and weak region, the Dutch acted to control what?
the shipping of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace but also their production
On what island, famous for nutmeg, did the Dutch kill, enslave, or starve the population of 15,000 people and replaced them with Dutch planters using slave labor to produce the nutmeg crop?
Banda Islands
During the 17th century, the Dutch were able to monopolize trade on nutmeg, mace, and cloves and to sell to Europe and India at how many times the price they paid in Indonesia?
14 to 17 times as much
Where did the Dutch East India Company also briefly establish themselves off the coast of southern China, from 1624 and 1662, hoping to produce deerskins, rice, and sugar for export?
Taiwan
How did the British East India Company operate differently from the Dutch?
less financed and less commercially sophisticated, as they were excluded from the rich Spice Islands by the Dutch monopoly
What are the three major trading settlements during the 17th century that the British East India Company established in India?
Bombay (now Mumbai), on India’s west coast, and Calcutta and Madras, on the east coast
The British navy gained control of what, but on land who were they no match for?
They got control of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf, but were no match for the Mughal Empire.
The British couldn’t practice what, like the Dutch, rather they had to access permission from the Mughals for their bases?
they couldn’t practice “trade by warfare”
What did British merchants come to focus more attention on?
on Indian cotton textiles, which were popular in England and the American colonies
What bulk goods did the Dutch and English traders begin to sell for mass market?
pepper, textiles, and later tea and coffee
In the 18th century, what did the Dutch and British trading posts slowly evolve into?
into a more conventional form of colonial domination, in which the British came to rule India and the Dutch controlled Indonesia
What Southeast Asian state was able to expel the French in 1688?
Siam
Japan was plagued by endemic conflict among numerous feudal lords known as what?
daimyo, each with his own cadre of samurai warriors
Japan was politically unified, under the leadership of a supreme military commander known as what?
the shogun, who hailed from the Tokugawa clan
From 1650 to 1850, Japanese authorities of Tokugawa shogunate largely closed their country off from the emerging world of European commerce, except who?
the Dutch
Within India, large and wealthy family firms, such as the one headed by who during the 17th century, were able to monopolize the buying and selling of particular products such as pepper or coral?
Virji Vora
Vora was often the only source of loans for the cash-strapped Europeans, forcing them to pay interest rates as high as what percentage annually?
12 to 18 percent annually
The mid 16th century discovery of enormously rich silver deposits where suddenly provided a vastly increased supply of that precious metal?
Bolivia and Japan
Spanish America alone produced perhaps what percentage of the world’s silver during the early modern era?
85 percent
What was the colonial capital of the Philippines, was the destination of annual Spanish shipments of silver, which were drawn from the rich mines of Bolivia, transported initially to Acapulco in Mexico, and from there shipped across the Pacific to the Philippines?
Manila
Who was at the hear of the Pacific Web?
China’s huge economy, especially its growing demand for silver
Chain’s tax in 1570, was now required to be payed in what?
silver
What was the standard Spanish silver coin known as?
a “piece of eight,” which was used by merchants in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as a medium of exchange
Where has silver trasnformed most profoundly?
Potosi - the site of a huge silver-mining operation in what is now Bolivia
