Semester 1 Final Part 2 Flashcards
What happened in 800 that Charlemagne assumed power?
In 800 the Frankish ruler Charlemagne received an imperial crown from the pope in Rome, thereby directly challenging Byzantine claims to imperial authority over western lands.
What was the theme system?
reorganization of Byzantine society under the theme system, which Byzantine rulers had tentatively experimented with during earlier periods of hostility with Sasanid Persia. This system placed a theme (an imperial province) under the jurisdiction of a general, who assumed responsibility for both its military
Constantine organized the Council of Nicaea, which brought together bishops, spokesmen, and leaders from all the important Christian churches to consider the views of the Arians. What were the views of the Arians?
Arians taught that Jesus had been a mortal human being and that he was a creation of God rather than a divine being coeternal with God, yet many Christian theologians held to the contrary. Constantine’s presence with the council encouraged the council to endorse his preferred view as orthodox and to condemn Arianism as heresy.
As Europeans expanded into Byzantine territory from the west, nomadic Turkish peoples invaded from the east. At the battle of Manzikert, what was the outcome when the Muslim Saljuqs sent waves of invaders into Anatolia?
In 1071 they subjected the Byzantine army to a demoralizing defeat at the battle of Manzikert. Byzantine factions then turned on each other in civil war, allowing the Saljuqs almost free rein in Anatolia. By the late twelfth century, the Saljuqs had seized much of Anatolia, and crusaders from western Europe the remainder.
The most famous of the missionaries to the Slavs were Saints Cyril and Methodius, two brothers from Thessaloniki in Greece, what did they do there?
During the mid-ninth century Cyril and Methodius conducted missions in Bulgaria and Moravia, while there, they devised an alphabet, known as the Cyrillic alphabet, for the previously illiterate Slavic peoples.
What did the creation of the Slavic language do for the Slavic peoples?
enabled Slavic peoples to organize complex political structures and develop sophisticated traditions of thought and literature. More immediately, the Cyrillic alphabet stimulated conversion to Orthodox Christianity. Missionaries translated the Christian scriptures and church rituals into Slavonic, and Cyrillic writing helped them explain Christian values and ideas in Slavic terms. Meanwhile, schools organized by missionaries ensured that Slavs would receive religious instruction with their introduction to basic literacy. As a result, Orthodox Christianity deeply influenced the cultural traditions of many Slavic peoples.
Who was Khadija?
As a young man, Muhammad worked for a woman named Khadija, a wealthy widow whom he married about 595 C.E.
What is the sharia which emerged during the centuries after Muhammad?
offered detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life.
It offered precise guidance on matters as diverse as marriage and family life, inheritance, slavery, business and commercial relationships, political authority in the dar al-Islam, and crime.
Through the sharia, Islam became more than a religious doctrine: it developed into a way of life complete with social and ethical values derived from Islamic religious principles.
Most important of the early Sufis was the Persian theologian al-Ghazali (1058–1111), who argued what?
argued that human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah and hence could not explain the mysteries of the world. Only through devotion and guidance from the Quran could human beings begin to appreciate the uniqueness and power of Allah.
What was the most elaborate project undertaken during the Sui dynasty?
the construction of the Grand Canal, which was one of the world’s largest waterworks projects before modern times.
What emperor completed the Grand Canal project during the Sui dynasty?
The second emperor, Sui Yangdi (reigned 604–618 C.E.), completed work on the canal
What did the building of the Grand Canal bring?
facilitate trade between northern and southern China, particularly to make the abundant supplies of rice and other food crops from the Yangzi River valley available to residents of northern regions. The only practical and economical way to transport food crops in large quantities was water. But since Chinese rivers generally flow from west to east, only an artificial waterway could support a large volume of trade between north and south.
What was the Grand Canal?
The Grand Canal was really a series of artificial waterways that ultimately reached from Hangzhou in the south to the imperial capital of Chang’an in the west to a terminus near modern Beijing in the north. When completed, the Grand Canal extended almost 2,000 kilometers (1,240 miles) and reportedly was forty paces wide, with roads running parallel to the waterway on either side.
What person in 755, captured the capital at Chang’an, as well as the secondary capital at Luoyang?
while the emperor neglected public affairs in favor of music and his favorite concubine, one of the dynasty’s foremost military commanders, An Lushan, mounted a rebellion and captured the capital at Chang’an, as well as the secondary capital at Luoyang.
How was An Lushan’s rebellion short-lived?
His revolt was short-lived: in 757 a soldier murdered An Lushan, and by 763 Tang forces had suppressed his army
and recovered their capitals.
By the fourth century C.E., a sizable Buddhist community had emerged where?
at Dunhuang in western China (modern Gansu province).Between about 600 and 1000 C.E., Buddhists built hundreds of cave temples in the vicinity of Dunhuang and decorated them with murals depicting events in the lives of the Buddha and the bodhisattvas who played prominent roles in Mahayana Buddhism. Dunhuang helped Buddhism establish a foothold in China.
Who were the two clans who engaged in war in the 11th century in Japan?
By the late eleventh century, two clans in particular— the Taira and the Minamoto—overshadowed the others. During the mid-twelfth century the two engaged in outright war, and in 1185 the Minamoto emerged victorious.
The Minamoto did not seek to abolish imperial authority in Japan but, rather, claimed to what?
rule the land in the name of the emperor. They installed the clan leader as shogun— a military governor who ruled in place of the emperor—and established the seat of their government at Kamakura, near modern Tokyo, while the imperial court remained at Kyoto. For most of the next four centuries, one branch or another of the Minamoto clan dominated political life in Japan.
Beginning in 451 C.E., however, White Huns from central Asia invaded who?
India and disrupted the Gupta administration. By the mid-sixth century the Gupta state had collapsed, and effective political authority quickly devolved to invaders, local
allies of the Guptas, and independent regional power brokers.
Who extended their authority over India from the mid-sixth century to the sixteenth century?
Mughals extended their authority and their empire to most of the subcontinent, India remained a politically divided land.
During the first half of the seventh century, who temporarily restored unified rule in most of northern India
and sought to revive imperial authority?
King Harsha (reigned 606–648 C.E.)
In 711, however, a well-organized expedition conquered Sind, the Indus River valley in northwestern India, and incorporated it as a province of who?
the expanding Umayyad empire.
At midcentury, along with most of the rest of the dar al-Islam, who had passed into the hands of the Abbasid caliphs?
Sind
During the fourteenth century, the sultans of _____ commanded an army of three hundred thousand, and their state ranked among the most powerful in the Islamic world.
Delhi - Yet for the most part, the authority of the sultans did not extend far beyond Delhi.
Who often conducted raids in the Deccan region of southern India, but they never overcame Hindu resistance there?
the sultans of Delhi
