Chapter 7 (Extended Edition) Flashcards
Where did oceanic commerce transform its participants the most?
Southeast Asia and East Africa
Where was Southeast Aia situate geographically?
Between China and India, and was to play an important role in the evolving world of Indian Ocean commerce.
What does the case of Srivijaya illustrate?
It illustrates the connection between commerce and state building
What were the new civilizations that developed that paralleled the development in Southeast Asia?
East and West Africa, Japan, Russia, and Western Europe in what was an Afro-Eurasian phenomenon.
When Malay sailors, long active in the waters around Southeast Asia, opened an all-sea route between India and China through what around 350 C.E.?
Straits of Malacca - the many small ports along the Malay Peninsula and the coast of Sumatra began to compete intensely to attract the growing number of traders and travelers through the straits
To compete with the straits of Malacca what Malay kingdom emerged?
The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya, which dominated this critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade from 670 to 1025
Along with a plentiful supply of gold, what else did Srivijaya have access to?
the source of highly sought-after spices, such as cloves, nutmeg, and mace
What did Srivijaya have control of?
the plentiful supply of gold and sought-after spices, they taxed the passing ships, provided resources to attract supporters, to fund an embryonic bureaucracy, and to create the military and naval forces that brought some security to the area.
What did the taxes of Srivijaya provide for them?
provided resources to attract supporters, to fund an embryonic bureaucracy, and to create the military and naval forces that brought some security to the area.
What state was located in what is now Southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia, which flourished during the first six centuries of the Common Era?
The state of Funan, which hosted merchants from both India and China, were Archeologists have found Roman coins as well as trade goods from Persia.
What were the economies of the inland states on the mainland of Southeast Asia based on?
more on domestically produced rice than on international trade nonetheless participated in the commerce of the region.
Which kingdom, which flourished from 800 to 1300, exported exotic forest products as well as receiving other things?
The Khmer kingdom of Angkor, in exporting forest products, received Chinese and Indian handicrafts as while now having a large community of Chinese merchants.
Traders from where, which is in what is now central and southern Vietnam operated in China, Java, and elsewhere.
Traders from Champa, they practiced piracy when trade dried up. Champa’s effort to control the trade between China and Southeast Aia provoked warfare with its commercial rivals.
What alphabets were used to write a number of Southeast Aian languages?
The Indian alphabets such as Sanskrit and Pallava, also Indian artistic forms provided models for Southeast Asian sculpture and architecture, while the Indian epic Ramayana became widely popular across the region.
Politically, Southeast Asian rulers and elites found attractive the Indian belief that leaders were what?
leaders were god-kings, perhaps reincarnations of a Buddha or the Hindu deity Shiva.
Srivijayan monarchs employed what?
employed Indians as advisers, clerks, or officials and assigned Sanskrit titles to their subordinates.
In what capital city which was a cosmopolitan place, was said that parrots could speak four languages.
Palembang, also they though chiefs possessed magical powers and were responsible for their prosperity “higher level of magic” for rulers as well as the prestige.
The seventh-century Chinese monk __ ____ was so impressed that he advised Buddhist monks headed for India to study first in Srivijaya for several years.
Yi Jing
What kingdom of central Java, an agriculturally rich region closely allied with Srivijaya, mounting into a massive building program between the eighth and tenth centuries featuring Hindu temples and Buddhist monuments.
Sailendra Kingdom
What was the most famous of the temples built by the Sailendra kingdom and Srivijaya?
Borobudur, which is an enormous mountain-shaped structure of ten levels, with a three-mile walkway and elaborate carvings illustrating the spiritual journey from ignorance and illusion to full enlightenment
The largest Buddhist monument anywhere in the world, Borobudur is nonetheless a ______ creation, whose carved figures have ______ features and whose scenes are clearly set in _____, not India.
Javanese (2x)
Java
Hinduism found a place in Southeast Asia, becoming well rooted in what kingdom?
Champa kingdom, for example, where Shiva was worshipped, cows were honored, and phallic imagery was prominent.
What kingdom did Hinduism really prosper the most in the twelfth century C.E.?
in the powerful kingdom of Angkor, where Hinduism found its most stunning architectural expression in the temple complex known as Angkor Wat
The largest religious structure in the premodern world, Angkor Wat sought to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos, centered where?
on the mythical Mount Meru, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition
This extensive Indian influence in Southeast Aia led some scholars to speak of what?
of the “Indianization” of the region, similar perhaps to the earlier spread of Greek culture within the empires of Alexander the Great and Rome.
In the case of Southeast Asia, no what accompanied Indian cultural influence?
No imperial control accompanied
In Southeast Asian societies how were they contrasting to India and China?
Women had fewer restrictions and a greater role in public life than in him more patriarchal civilizations of both East and South. They were able to own property together and to initiate divorce.
What did the Chinese visitor to Angkor observe,”_______”
“It is the women who are concerned with commerce.”
What did women in Angkor serve as?
served as gladiators, warriors, and members of the palace staff, and as poets, artists, and as religious teachers
Almost 1800 realistically carved images of what decorate the temple complex of Angkor Wat?
images of women
In neighboring Pagan what was the name of the thirteenth-century queen?
Pwa Saw, who excercised extensive political and religious influence for some forty years amid internal intrigue and external threats, while donating some of her lands and property to a Buddhist temple.
How did Islam begin to penetrate Southeast Asia?
Via Indian Ocean commerce, as the world of seaborne trade brought yet another cultural tradition to the region.
Indian Ocean, the transformative processes of long-distance trade were likewise at work, giving rise to an East African civilization known as what?
Swahili, which emerged in the eighth-century c.e., this civilization too shape as a set of commercial city-states stretching all along the East African coast, from present-day Somalia to Mozambique
How did the earlier ancestors of the Swahili live like?
in small farming and fishing communities, speaking Bantu languages, and traded with the Arabian, Greek, and Roman merchants who occasionally visited
What were East African products associated with an expanding Indian Ocean commerce in high demand?
Gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, and sometimes slaves acquired from interior societies, as well as iron and processed timber manufactured along the coasts found a ready market.
What animal found its way to Bengal in northeastern India, and from there was sent on to China?
one East African giraffe
Between 1000 and 1500, a Swahili civilization flourished along the coast with a very different kind of society form the farming and pastoral people, comprised of urban center cities of 15,000 to 18,000 with what people?
Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Sofala, and many others, were like the city-states of ancient Greece.
How were each of the Swahili cities governed?
they were politically independent, was generally governed by its own king, and was in sharp competition with the other cities. NO imperial system or larger territorial states unified the world of Swahili civilization
Swahili cities were commercial centers that accumilated what?
accumulated goods from the interior and exchanged them for the products of distant civilizations, such as Chine porcelain and silk, Persian rugs, and Indian cottons.
The Swahili language, widely spoken in East Africa today, was grammatically what?
an African tongue within the larger Bantu family of languages but it was written in Arabic script and contained a number of Arabic loan words
What was found in the Swahili city of Shanga and dating to about 11000?
A small bronze lion - illustrating the distinct cosmopolitan character of Swahili culture, depicting an African lion, but it was created in a distinctly Indian artistic style and was made from melted-down Chinese copper coins
Many ruling families of Swahili cities claimed what as a way of bolstering their prestige?
claimed Arab or Persian origins, even while they dined from Chinese porcelain and dressed in Indian cotton.
Like Buddhism in Southeast Asia, what did Islam do for Swahili cities?
It linked Swahili cities to the larger Indian Ocean world, and these East African cities were soon dotted with substantial mosques
What was the name of a widely traveled Arab scholar, merchant, and public official, who visited the Swahili coast in the early fourteenth century?
Ibn Battuta - he found altogether Muslim societies in which religious leaders often spoke Arabic, and all were eager to welcome a learned Islamic visitor.
The emergence of what powerful state, seems clearly connected to the growing trade of gold to the coast as well as to the wealth embodied in its large herd of cattle?
Great Zimbabwe, at its peak between 1250 and 1350 and had the resources and the labor power to construct huge stone enclosures entirely without mortar, with walls sixteen feet thick and thirty-two feet tall.
What was another important patter of long-distance trade that reached across the vast Sahara and linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world with the land and peoples of interior West Africa?
The Sand Road
What did the North African coastal regions generate?
generated cloth, glassware, weapons, books, and other manufactured goods.
What did the Great Sahara hold deposits of?
held deposits of copper and especially salt, while its oases produced sweet and nutritious dates.
What did the agricultural regions farther south of the Great Sahara provide?
grew a variety of crops, and produced their own textiles and metal products, and mined a considerable amount of gold.
How were the agricultural regions of sub-Saharan Africa divided?
into two ecological zones: the savanna grasslands immediately south of the Sahara and the forest areas farther south
What did the savanna grasslands provide?
which produced grain crops such as millet and sorghum
What did the forests areas farther south of the Sahara provide?
where root and tree crops such as yams and kola nuts predominated.
What does Sudan translate to?
It known to the Arabs as “the land of black people.”
During the first milennium B.C.E., the peoples of Sudanic West Africa began to exchange what?
Metal goods, cotton textiles, gold, and various food products across considerable distances using boats along the Niger River
Why was the introduction of the camel to North Africa and the Sahara a major turning point
Because this remarkable animal, which could go for ten days without water, finally made possible the long trek across the Sahara
