Chapter 7 (Extended Edition) Flashcards
Where did oceanic commerce transform its participants the most?
Southeast Asia and East Africa
Where was Southeast Aia situate geographically?
Between China and India, and was to play an important role in the evolving world of Indian Ocean commerce.
What does the case of Srivijaya illustrate?
It illustrates the connection between commerce and state building
What were the new civilizations that developed that paralleled the development in Southeast Asia?
East and West Africa, Japan, Russia, and Western Europe in what was an Afro-Eurasian phenomenon.
When Malay sailors, long active in the waters around Southeast Asia, opened an all-sea route between India and China through what around 350 C.E.?
Straits of Malacca - the many small ports along the Malay Peninsula and the coast of Sumatra began to compete intensely to attract the growing number of traders and travelers through the straits
To compete with the straits of Malacca what Malay kingdom emerged?
The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya, which dominated this critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade from 670 to 1025
Along with a plentiful supply of gold, what else did Srivijaya have access to?
the source of highly sought-after spices, such as cloves, nutmeg, and mace
What did Srivijaya have control of?
the plentiful supply of gold and sought-after spices, they taxed the passing ships, provided resources to attract supporters, to fund an embryonic bureaucracy, and to create the military and naval forces that brought some security to the area.
What did the taxes of Srivijaya provide for them?
provided resources to attract supporters, to fund an embryonic bureaucracy, and to create the military and naval forces that brought some security to the area.
What state was located in what is now Southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia, which flourished during the first six centuries of the Common Era?
The state of Funan, which hosted merchants from both India and China, were Archeologists have found Roman coins as well as trade goods from Persia.
What were the economies of the inland states on the mainland of Southeast Asia based on?
more on domestically produced rice than on international trade nonetheless participated in the commerce of the region.
Which kingdom, which flourished from 800 to 1300, exported exotic forest products as well as receiving other things?
The Khmer kingdom of Angkor, in exporting forest products, received Chinese and Indian handicrafts as while now having a large community of Chinese merchants.
Traders from where, which is in what is now central and southern Vietnam operated in China, Java, and elsewhere.
Traders from Champa, they practiced piracy when trade dried up. Champa’s effort to control the trade between China and Southeast Aia provoked warfare with its commercial rivals.
What alphabets were used to write a number of Southeast Aian languages?
The Indian alphabets such as Sanskrit and Pallava, also Indian artistic forms provided models for Southeast Asian sculpture and architecture, while the Indian epic Ramayana became widely popular across the region.
Politically, Southeast Asian rulers and elites found attractive the Indian belief that leaders were what?
leaders were god-kings, perhaps reincarnations of a Buddha or the Hindu deity Shiva.
Srivijayan monarchs employed what?
employed Indians as advisers, clerks, or officials and assigned Sanskrit titles to their subordinates.
In what capital city which was a cosmopolitan place, was said that parrots could speak four languages.
Palembang, also they though chiefs possessed magical powers and were responsible for their prosperity “higher level of magic” for rulers as well as the prestige.
The seventh-century Chinese monk __ ____ was so impressed that he advised Buddhist monks headed for India to study first in Srivijaya for several years.
Yi Jing
What kingdom of central Java, an agriculturally rich region closely allied with Srivijaya, mounting into a massive building program between the eighth and tenth centuries featuring Hindu temples and Buddhist monuments.
Sailendra Kingdom
What was the most famous of the temples built by the Sailendra kingdom and Srivijaya?
Borobudur, which is an enormous mountain-shaped structure of ten levels, with a three-mile walkway and elaborate carvings illustrating the spiritual journey from ignorance and illusion to full enlightenment
The largest Buddhist monument anywhere in the world, Borobudur is nonetheless a ______ creation, whose carved figures have ______ features and whose scenes are clearly set in _____, not India.
Javanese (2x)
Java
Hinduism found a place in Southeast Asia, becoming well rooted in what kingdom?
Champa kingdom, for example, where Shiva was worshipped, cows were honored, and phallic imagery was prominent.
What kingdom did Hinduism really prosper the most in the twelfth century C.E.?
in the powerful kingdom of Angkor, where Hinduism found its most stunning architectural expression in the temple complex known as Angkor Wat
The largest religious structure in the premodern world, Angkor Wat sought to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos, centered where?
on the mythical Mount Meru, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition
This extensive Indian influence in Southeast Aia led some scholars to speak of what?
of the “Indianization” of the region, similar perhaps to the earlier spread of Greek culture within the empires of Alexander the Great and Rome.
In the case of Southeast Asia, no what accompanied Indian cultural influence?
No imperial control accompanied
In Southeast Asian societies how were they contrasting to India and China?
Women had fewer restrictions and a greater role in public life than in him more patriarchal civilizations of both East and South. They were able to own property together and to initiate divorce.
What did the Chinese visitor to Angkor observe,”_______”
“It is the women who are concerned with commerce.”
What did women in Angkor serve as?
served as gladiators, warriors, and members of the palace staff, and as poets, artists, and as religious teachers
Almost 1800 realistically carved images of what decorate the temple complex of Angkor Wat?
images of women
In neighboring Pagan what was the name of the thirteenth-century queen?
Pwa Saw, who excercised extensive political and religious influence for some forty years amid internal intrigue and external threats, while donating some of her lands and property to a Buddhist temple.
How did Islam begin to penetrate Southeast Asia?
Via Indian Ocean commerce, as the world of seaborne trade brought yet another cultural tradition to the region.
Indian Ocean, the transformative processes of long-distance trade were likewise at work, giving rise to an East African civilization known as what?
Swahili, which emerged in the eighth-century c.e., this civilization too shape as a set of commercial city-states stretching all along the East African coast, from present-day Somalia to Mozambique
How did the earlier ancestors of the Swahili live like?
in small farming and fishing communities, speaking Bantu languages, and traded with the Arabian, Greek, and Roman merchants who occasionally visited
What were East African products associated with an expanding Indian Ocean commerce in high demand?
Gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, and sometimes slaves acquired from interior societies, as well as iron and processed timber manufactured along the coasts found a ready market.
What animal found its way to Bengal in northeastern India, and from there was sent on to China?
one East African giraffe
Between 1000 and 1500, a Swahili civilization flourished along the coast with a very different kind of society form the farming and pastoral people, comprised of urban center cities of 15,000 to 18,000 with what people?
Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Sofala, and many others, were like the city-states of ancient Greece.
How were each of the Swahili cities governed?
they were politically independent, was generally governed by its own king, and was in sharp competition with the other cities. NO imperial system or larger territorial states unified the world of Swahili civilization
Swahili cities were commercial centers that accumilated what?
accumulated goods from the interior and exchanged them for the products of distant civilizations, such as Chine porcelain and silk, Persian rugs, and Indian cottons.
The Swahili language, widely spoken in East Africa today, was grammatically what?
an African tongue within the larger Bantu family of languages but it was written in Arabic script and contained a number of Arabic loan words
What was found in the Swahili city of Shanga and dating to about 11000?
A small bronze lion - illustrating the distinct cosmopolitan character of Swahili culture, depicting an African lion, but it was created in a distinctly Indian artistic style and was made from melted-down Chinese copper coins
Many ruling families of Swahili cities claimed what as a way of bolstering their prestige?
claimed Arab or Persian origins, even while they dined from Chinese porcelain and dressed in Indian cotton.
Like Buddhism in Southeast Asia, what did Islam do for Swahili cities?
It linked Swahili cities to the larger Indian Ocean world, and these East African cities were soon dotted with substantial mosques
What was the name of a widely traveled Arab scholar, merchant, and public official, who visited the Swahili coast in the early fourteenth century?
Ibn Battuta - he found altogether Muslim societies in which religious leaders often spoke Arabic, and all were eager to welcome a learned Islamic visitor.
The emergence of what powerful state, seems clearly connected to the growing trade of gold to the coast as well as to the wealth embodied in its large herd of cattle?
Great Zimbabwe, at its peak between 1250 and 1350 and had the resources and the labor power to construct huge stone enclosures entirely without mortar, with walls sixteen feet thick and thirty-two feet tall.
What was another important patter of long-distance trade that reached across the vast Sahara and linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world with the land and peoples of interior West Africa?
The Sand Road
What did the North African coastal regions generate?
generated cloth, glassware, weapons, books, and other manufactured goods.
What did the Great Sahara hold deposits of?
held deposits of copper and especially salt, while its oases produced sweet and nutritious dates.
What did the agricultural regions farther south of the Great Sahara provide?
grew a variety of crops, and produced their own textiles and metal products, and mined a considerable amount of gold.
How were the agricultural regions of sub-Saharan Africa divided?
into two ecological zones: the savanna grasslands immediately south of the Sahara and the forest areas farther south
What did the savanna grasslands provide?
which produced grain crops such as millet and sorghum
What did the forests areas farther south of the Sahara provide?
where root and tree crops such as yams and kola nuts predominated.
What does Sudan translate to?
It known to the Arabs as “the land of black people.”
During the first milennium B.C.E., the peoples of Sudanic West Africa began to exchange what?
Metal goods, cotton textiles, gold, and various food products across considerable distances using boats along the Niger River
Why was the introduction of the camel to North Africa and the Sahara a major turning point
Because this remarkable animal, which could go for ten days without water, finally made possible the long trek across the Sahara
What African goods were in considerable demand in the desert, the Mediterranean basin, and beyond.
ivory, kola nuts, and slaves; in return, the peoples of the Sudan received horses, cloth, dates, various manufactured goods, and especially salt from the rich deposits in the Sahara
Between roughly 500 and 1600, what did the peoples of the western and central Sudan construct?
They constructed a series of states, empires, and city-states that reached from the Atlantic coast to Lake Chad, including Gaha, Mali, Songhay, Kanem, and the city-states of the Hausa people
What did the city-states of western and central Sudan draw their wealth from?
off of trans-Saharan trade, taxing the merchants who conducted it.
What did an Arab traveler in the tenth-century C.E. describe the ruler of Ghana as?
“the wealthiest king on the face of the earth because of his treasures and stocks of gold.”
At its high point in the fourteenth century, what did the Mali rulers monopolize?
the rulers monopolized the import of strategic goods such as horses and metals; levied duties on salt, copper, and other merchandise; and reserved large nuggets of gold for themselves while permitting the free export of gold dust
How did Male bards, the repositories for their communities’ history view women?
often viewed powerful women as dangerous, not to be trusted, and a seductive distraction for men
What happened by 1200 earlier matrilineal descent patterns?
They had been largely replaced by those tracing descent through the male line
What were ordinary women expected to do?
They were the central to agricultural production and weaving
What does nyama mean?
a pervasive vital power
Who was the most famous Muslim traveler, who visited Mali in the fourteenth century?
Ibn Battuta was surprised, and appalled, at the casual intimacy of unmarried men and women, despite their evident commitment to Islam.
In West Africa how did slavery change?
Early on, most slaves had been women, working as domestic servants and concubines. As West African civilization crystallized, however, male slaves were put to work as state officials, porters, craftsmen, miners harvesting salt from desert deposits, and especially agricultural laborers.
Who was a song talking about as it honored one eleventh-century ruler and boasted his slave-raiding achievements?
Kanem
These states of Sudanic Africa developed substantial urban and commercial centers such as what?
Koumbi-Saleh, Jenne, Timbuktu, Gao, Gobir, and Kano were traders congregated and goods were exchanged.
What had some of the states of Sudanic Africa been centers for?
centers of manufacturing, creating finely wrought beads, iron tools, or cotton textiles, some of which entered the circuits of commerce.
What did the West African city of Timbuktu, become a center for?
became an intellectual center of Islamic learning - both scientific and religious. Its libraries were stocked with books and manuscripts from the heartland of Islam.
What objects were both domesticated in the Andes, and never reached Mesoamerica?
The llama and the potato
What game had been played in the Caribbean, Mexico, and northern South America?
A game with a rubber ball on an outdoor court left traces there
What do scholars believe about the sweet potato, that was indigenous to South America?
That it passed into Pacific Oceania around 1000 to 1100 C.E., introduced by Polynesian voyagers who had landed on the west coast of that continent and then returned home with sweet potatoes, which spread widely within Oceania
How did maize gradually diffuse from its Mesoamerican place of origin?
from Mesoamerica to the southwestern United States and then on to much of South America in the other direction
The spread of particular pottery styles and architectural conventions suggest what?
suggests at least indirect contact over wide distances. This kind of diffusion likely extended from the Americas to the Pacific islands.
What was relevant about were Cahokia lay?
It lay at the center of a widespread trading network that brought it shells from the Atlantic coast, copper from the Lake Superior region, buffalo hides from the Great Plains, obsidian from the Rocky Mountains, and mica from the Southern Appalachian Mountains.
What watercraft plied the rivers of the eastern woodlands, loosely connecting their diverse societies?
dugout canoes
the Chincha people of southern coastal Peru undertook a privately organized ocean-based exchange in what?
in copper, beads, and shells along the Pacific coasts of Peru and Ecuador in large seagoing rafts
What items from Mesoamerica, have been found in the Chaco region of New Mexico?
copper bells, macaw feathers, tons of shells
What did the residents of the Chaco region drink using what of Maya origin?
They also drank liquid chocolate, using jars of Maya origin and cacao beans imported from Mesoamerica, where the practice began.
Where was turquoise mined?
Mined and worked by the Ancestral Pueblo
During the flourishing of Mesoamerican civilization, both Yucatan and Teotihuacan had what relationship?
maintained commercial relationships with one another and throughout the region
In addition to land-based trade in Mesoamerica what else was there?
The Maya conducted a seaborne commerce, using large dugout canoes holding forty to fifty people, along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
What does pochteca mean?
it is a professional merchant who undertook large-scale trading expeditions both within and well beyond the borders of their empire
What does quipus mean?
It is knotted cords used to record numerical data
What are Inca Roads used for?
used for transporting goods by pack animal or sending messages by foot, the Inca road network included some 2,000 inns were travelers might find food and shelter.
Economic Exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin from the Mediterranean basin?
ceramics, glassware, wine, gold, olive oil
Economic Exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin from East Africa?
ivory, gold, iron goods, slaves, tortoiseshells, quartz, leopard skins
Economic Exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin from Arabia
frankincense, myrrh, perfumes
Economic Exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin from India?
grain, ivory, precious stones, cotton textiles, spices, timber, tortoiseshells
Economic Exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin from Southeast Asia?
tin, sandalwood, cloves, nutmeg, mace
Economic Exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin from China?
silks, porcelain, tea
What has been a prominent feature of human history?
The exchange of goods among communities occupying different ecological zones.
The production of particular products such as what?
Such as silk in China, certain spices in Southeast Asia, and incense in Southern Arabia
West Africans imported scarce salt, necessary for human diets and useful for seasoning and preserving food, from where in exchange for what?
from distance mines in the Sahara in exchange for the gold of their region.
Over several millennia, what has found eager consumers in ancient Egypt and Babylon, India and China, Greece and Rome, that was grown in southern Arabia
Incense such as frankincense and myrrh
Merchants often became a distinct social group, viewed with suspicion by others because of their impulse to accumulate wealth without actually producing anything themselves. What did that mean for them?
In some societies, trade became a means of social mobility, as Chinese merchants, for example, were able to purchase landed estates and establish themselves in the gentry class.
What were the products of the forest and of semi-arid northern grasslands known as the steppes?
Products like hides, furs, livestock, wool, and amber were exchanged for agricultural products and manufactured goods.
How was Eurasia often divided?
Into inner and outer zones that had different environments. Outer Eurasia was warm and well-watered, suitable for agriculture and the Inner Eurasia lies farther north and has a harsher climate not for agriculture but for herding animals
Why did the Silk Roads have most the goods as luxury products?
Because to travel you had to go through harsh and dangerous steppes, deserts, and oases of Central Asia. luxury products were destined for the elite, rather than staple goods because you had to sell expensive products to compensate for the high costs of transportation across long and forbidding distances.
What is the origin of silk?
Silk came to symbolize the Eurasian network of exchange, from its origin in China by 3000 B.C.E. or earlier, the Chinese long held a monopoly on its production. After 300 B.C.E. or so, the fabric found a growing market all across the commercial network of the Afro-Eurasian world.
By whom was silk produced?
Although silk trade was largely done by males, women were the ones fulfilling the demand for the fabric. Chinese women, mostly in rural areas, were responsible for silk production. They tended mulberry trees whose leaves silkworms fed
What was the job of women in silk production?
They tended the mulberry trees on whose leaves silkworms fed; they unwound the cocoons in very hot water to extract the long silk fibers; they turned these fibers into thread and wove them into textiles.
Poverty in the making of silk?
By the Tang dynasty women were the large contributors to the household economy, and to the silk industry and to the state, which depended heavily on peasant taxes, often paid in cloth. Despite these contributions, many rural families persisted in poverty.
Who was the writer that was outraged at the moral impact of wearing revealing silk garments?
Seneca the Younger in the first-century C.E., “I can see clothes of silk, if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one’s decency, can be called clothes…”
Who were the Sogdians?
a Central Asian people, whose merchants established an enduring network of exchange with China. Two Sogdians were instrumental in translating Sanskrit Buddhist texts into Chinese. Sogdians dominated the Silk Road trade for first millennium C.E., and their language became the medium of communication on the commercial network. Sogdians practiced Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and local traditions as well as Buddhism.
What was one of the obstacles to the penetration of a highly literate religion, and their nomadic ways made the founding of monasteries, so important to Buddhism, quite difficult?
The absence of written language was an obstacle
Who were the nomadic people and their ruler, who controlled much of northern China after the collapse of the Han dynasty.
The nomadic Jie people and their ruler in the fourth century C.E., Shi Le, who became acquainted with a Central Asian Buddhist monk called Fotudeng.
Who was the Central Asian Buddhist monk who became acquainted with Shi Le the ruler of the nomadic Jie people?
A Central Asian Buddhist monk called Fotudeng, who traveled the Silk Roads widely, with an astounding reputation, leading him to construct hundreds of Buddhist temples.
What were begging bowls?
The begging bowls of the monks became a symbol rather than a daily activity.
What did the sculptures and murals in the Buddhist monasteries depict?
Sculptures and murals in the monasteries depicted musicians and acrobats, women applying makeup, and even drinking parties.
In what Sogdian city were the use of Zoroastrian fire rituals apparently becoming a part of Buddhist practice?
The Sogdian city of Samarkand
Who was the Greco-Roman mythological figure of Heracles, the son of Zeus and a figure associated with great strength, courage, masculinty, and sexual prowess?
Used to represent Vajrapani, one of the divine protectors of the Buddha. In a similar way, the gods of many peoples along the Silk Roads were incorporated into Buddhist practice as bodhisattvas
How did disease spread to previously isolatd human communities?
People were exposed to unfamiliar diseases for which they had little immunity or few effective methods of coping from diseases that traveled the routes of Euraisa
What diseases affected the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty China?
Silk Roads brought about smallpox and measles that devastated the populations of both empires, contributing to their political collapse.
What did disease and disaster do for Buddhism and Christianity?
The disease and disaster that devestated the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty China, strengthened the appeals of Christianity in Europe and Buddhism in China. for both of them offered compassion in the face of immense suffering
How did disease affect the Central Asian steppes, home to many nomadic peoples, including the Mongols?
They also suffered terribly, undermining Mongol rule and permanently altering the balance between pastoral and agricultural peoples to the advantage of settled farmers.
How did disease give the Europeans an advantage in the long run?
When they confronted the peoples of the Western Hemisphere after 1500, since they were exposed to the diseases they developed some degree of immunity. In the Americas, however, the absence of domesticated animals, smaller population density and isolation from Eastern Hemisphere ensured that native peoples had little defense against the diseases of Europe and Africa resulting in their deaths.
What were the bulk goods of the Sea Roads destined for a mass market?
Textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat - whereas the Silk Roads were limited largely to luxury goods for the few.
What made Indian Ocean commerce possible?
Monsoons, which were alternating wind currents that blew predictably northeast during the summer months toward India and southwest during the winter months toward Madagascar across the Indian Ocean. (Parrelleled the Silk Road trade network)
Which peoples ingenuity developed an understanding of monsoons, and a gradual accumulating technology of shipbuilding and oceanic navigation.
Chinese, Malays, Indians, Arabs, Swahilis, and others. Collectively they made “an interlocked human world joined by the common highway of the Indian Ocean.”
How did the world of Indian Ocean commerce occur since it wasn’t between entire regions and certainly not between “countries.”?
Even though sometimes historians write about India, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, or East Africa as a matter of shorthand. It operated rather across an “archipelago of towns” whose merchants often had more in common with one another than their own people. These urban centers, strung out around the entire Indian Ocean basin.
What were some of the products introduced by Austronesian speaking people off of Indonesia to the East African island of Madagascar?
They introduced their language and their crops - bananas, coconuts, and taro.
What goods did the ancient Egyptians and later the Phoenicians trade to gain from the coasts of Ethiopia, Somalia, and southern Arabia?
gold, ivory, frankincense, and slaves
What were junks?
A new kind of ship with sternpost rudders and keels for greater stability
What were the new navigational technology innovations facilitated in Indian Ocean trade?
improvements in sails, new kinds of ships called junks, new means of calculating latitude such as the astrolabe, and evolving versions of the magnetic needle and compass.
Around the time of Christ, what did the Greek geographer Strabo report about?
“great fleets [from the Roman Empire] are sent as far as India, whence the most valuable cargoes are brought back to Egypt and thence exported again to other places.”
What happened in the eastern Indian Ocean and the South China Sea?
Chinese and Southeast Asian merchants likewise generated a growing commerce and by 100 C.E. Chinese traders reached India.
Where did the fulcrum of the growth of the Indian ocean commercial network lay?
In India itself, as its ports bulged with goods from both west and east, and its merchants were in touch with Southeast Asia and settled communities of Indian traders.
What Middle Eastern products flowed into southern India to purchase pepper, pearls, textiles, and gemstones?
Middle Eastern gold and silver
To reclaim what for export, stimulated a slave trade from East Africa?
To reclaim wasteland in Mesopotamia to produce sugar and dates for export stimulated a slave trade from East Africa, which landed thousands of Africans in southern Iraq to work on plantations and in salt mines in horrible conditions.
What badly disrupted the Islamic Abbasid Empire?
A massive fifteen-year revolt 868 - 883) among these slaves badly disrupted the empire before the rebellion was brutally crushed.
As the Islamic world prospered they had a widespread conversion, which in turn facilitated commercial transactions, thus creating what?
“a maritime Silk Road … a commercial and informational network of unparalleled proportions.” After 1000, the culture of this network was increasingly Islamic.
Where was the transformation of Oceanic commerce the most?
In Southeast Asia and East Africa, at opposite ends of the Indian Ocean network. In each region, trade stimulated political change and brought wealth and more centralized states or cities. Each also experienced cultural change with local people attracted to foreign religious ideas.
Where was Southeast Asia located?
Located between the major civilizations of China and India.
Which “new” civilizations paralleled Southeast Asia?
East and West Africa, Japan, Russia, and Western Europe in what was an Afro-Eurasian phenomenon.
What kingdom illustrates the connection between commerce and state building?
Srivijaya
When Malay sailors, long active in the waters around Southeast Asia, where did they open an all-sea route between India and China?
Through the Straits of Malacca around 350 C.E., the many small ports along the Malay Peninsula and the coast of Sumatra began to compete trying to get travelers and traders through their strait.
How did the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya emerge?
From the competition between the Strait of Malacca and Sumatra, the Malay kingdom dominated a critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade from 670 to 1025
