Chapter 22 Part 2 Flashcards
Who was Africa’s first modern nationalist hero who paraphrased a biblical quotation when he urged his followers, “Seek ye first the political kingdom and all these other things will be added unto you.”
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana
What places formed together the bloc of nations known variously as the third world, the developing countries, or the Global South?
China, Thailand, Ethiopia, Iran, Turkey, and Central and South America
Between 1950 and 2000, the populations of Asia and Africa alone grew from 64 percent of the world’s total to what percentage?
70 percent, with an estimated to increase to 79 percent by 2050
As colonial rule drew to a close, European authorities in many places attempted to establish what?
legislatures, permitted elections, allowed political parties to operate, and the development of constitutional, parliamentary, multiparty democracies
Communist Party’s took control where?
China, Vietnam, and Cuba
Multiparty democracies took control where?
India and South Africa
One-party democracy took place where?
Mexico, Tanzania, and Senegal
Military regimes took control for a time where?
much of Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East
Personal dictatorships took control where?
Uganda and the Philippines
In many places, one kind of political system followed another in what kind of succession?
kaleidoscopic = having complex mix
Where did a Western-style democracy, including regular elections, multiple parties, civil liberties, and peaceful changes in government take its deepest roots?
India
When an army took power where in 1966, no one lifted a finger to defend the party that had led the country to independence only nine years earlier?
Ghana
An ethnically based civil war where during the late 1960s cost the lives of millions, while in the mid-1990s ethnic hatred led Rwanda into the realm of genocide?
Nigeria
Military interventions swept over what Latin American countries during the 1960s and 1970s, leaving them governed at times by their armed forces?
Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, and other countries
Who said, “Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to the United States?”
Porfirio Diaz that country’s dictator before the Mexican Revolution
Influence of ideas deriving from what, pushed Latin American politics away from the elitist orientation toward concerns with economic development, social reform, mass participation, nationalism, and anti-imperialism?
European socialism, the American New Deal, the Mexican Revolution and Christian “liberation theology”
During the 1930s what movement in Peru blended ideas of Latin American uniqueness, democratic socialism, integration of indigenous people, and anti-imperialism into a political outlook that had appeal in many parts of the continent?
Aprista movement
What program of Juan Peron in Argentina between 1945 and 1955 enacted a large body of social and labor legislation, aimed largely at the mass of long-ignored and marginalized urban workers?
social justice
A program similar to Argentina took place in Brazil under the leadership of whom?
Getulio Vargas
The 1960s and later years witnessed guerrilla warfare where?
Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia
The 1960s and later years witnessed short-lived left-wing governments where?
Guatemala, Brazil and Nicaragua
Chile in 1970, narrowly elected to the presidency a Marxist politician known as what, who soon launched an ambitious program to achieve a peaceful transition to socialism?
Salvador Allende
In September 1973, Salvador Allende was overthrown and was followed by an extraordinarily repressive military regime headed by whom, which lasted until the restoration of democracy in 1988?
General Augusto Pinochet
What Arab countries in 2011 had proclaimed their commitment to democracy, human dignity, and honest government?
Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Bahrain, Yemen
What elected leaders in Venezuela and Russia, turned authoritarian once in office?
Hugo Chavez and Vladimir Putin
In communist Cuba, what did they do that was equivalent to that of the United States?
wiped out illiteracy and provided basic health care to its entire population, raising life expectancy to seventy-six years by 1992
Western pressures, exercised through international organizations such as what, pushed developing countries in a capitalist direction?
World Bank
What approached intended to reduce their dependence on the uncertain global marketplace by processing their own raw materials and manufacturing their own consumer goods behind high tariff barriers if necessary?
import substitution industrialization
By 2008, What country ranked as the eighth-largest economy in the world?
Brazil
Between 1968 and 1974, Brazil experienced rapid industrial growth dubbed what?
Brazilian Miracle
What countries chose to focus on specialization in particular products for an export market, rather an focusing on industrial production for domestic consumption?
South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore
What countries were dubbed “newly industrialized countries?”
South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore
What country poasted the most rapid economic growth in the world by the end of the 20th century, replacing Japan as the world’s second-largest economy?
China
IN most of Africa, much of the Arab World, and parts of Asia - regions represented about _______-__________ of the world’s population.
one-third
African countries began to experience encouraging economic growth leaving some observers to begin speaking about what?
Africa rising
Developing countries were exposed to what changes in the culture of the West?
feminism, rock and rap, sexual permissiveness, consumerism, and democracy
In the aftermath of World War I, modern Turkey emerged from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire, led by whan energetic general who fought off British, French, Italian, and Greek efforts to dismember the old empire?
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
What did Ataturk seek to transform in his country?
transform it into a modern, secular, and national state
Secular law codes in Ataturk’s new old empire, modeled on those of Europe replaced what?
the sharia
Under the what person’s government did Iran undertake what many saw as a quite successful and largely secular modernization effort?
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s ________ _________________, intended to promote the country’s modernization, had redistributed land to many of Iran’s impoverished peasants, granted women the right to vote, invested substantially in rural health care and education, initiated a number of industrial projects, and offered workers a share in the profits of those industries.
White Revolution
What emerging leader who was a high-ranking Shia cleric, thought that a repressive and often-brutal government allowed little outlet for such grievances, thus opposed the shah’s regime?
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
What did the new government in Ataturk’s Turkey define itself as, which had an elected parliament and a constitution, but in practice conservative Islamic clerics, headed by Khomeini, exercised dominant power?
Islamic republic
What composed of leading legal scholars, was empowered to interpret the constitution, to supervise elections, and to review legislation - all designed to ensure compatibility with a particular vision of Islam?
Council of Guardians
By 1983, all women were required in Turkey to wear the modest head-to-toe covering known as what, a regulation enforced by roving groups of militants, or “revolutionary guards.”
hijab
Where did Khomeini appeal to Shia minorities and other disaffected people, and Iran became a model to which many Islamic radicals looked at?
Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, etc.
An eight-year war with Saddam Hussein’s highly secularized Iraq was one of the the outcomes and generated enormous casualties, that conflict reflected the differences between what?
Arabs and Persians, between Sunni and shia versions of Islam, and between a secular Iraqi regime and Khomeini’s revolutionary Islamic government
