Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Indian elite culture embraced the ______ and all things spiritual with enthusiasm and generated elaborate philosophical visions about the nature of ultimate reality
A
Divine
2
Q
What is Confucius other name?
A
Kong Fuzi
3
Q
Like yin and yang, the outlook that Daoist took was widely regarded by elite Chinese as complementing rather than contradicting ______ values
A
Confucian
4
Q
Who enforces a ban on all polytheistic ritual sacrifices and ordered the temples that practiced them closed?
A
Emperor Theodosius
5
Q
What did wen and wu represent?
A
They meant rationality and physical, “Strong bodies and strong minds”
6
Q
What is Kamasutra?
A
Sexual pleasure was considered a legitimate goal for both men and women, and its many and varied techniques were detailed in the Kamasutra
7
Q
Many social changes also came, an iron- age technology, available since roughly 1000 B.C.E. made possible more productive what?
A
Productive economies and more deadly warfare
8
Q
Hippocrates also traced the origins of what disease, known to the Greeks as “the sacred disease,”
A
Epilepsy
9
Q
Who believed that beneath the chaos and complexity of the visible world lay a simple, unchanging mathematical order?
A
Pythagoras
10
Q
The family background of the two teachers of Buddhism and Christianity could hardly have been more different.
A
Gautama was born to royalty and luxury, whereas Jesus was a rural or small-town worker from a distinctly lower-class family
11
Q
What is Mahayana?
A
(Greater Vessel), believed that more people could reach salvation, also a newer version
12
Q
What did Buddha become over time?
A
He became a god-like and had a new way that anyone could reach salvation
13
Q
As China’s bureaucracy took shape during and after the Han dynasty, ______ became the central element of the educational system
A
Confucianism
14
Q
Who was very remarkable in history, he was a carpenter, born in Nazareth, and was considered gentle and loving.
A
Jesus (of Nazareth)
15
Q
What does Buddha mean?
A
Enlightened One, this is what they called Gautama
16
Q
Plato was the teacher of Aristotle, who was he teaching later on?
A
Alexander the Great
17
Q
What movement was all about Aristotle?
A
Scholastic movement which also brought about the Scientific Revolution
18
Q
How long was Jesus able to teach for?
A
3 years, was crucified at 33 years old
19
Q
Aristotle, a student of Plato and a teacher of Alexander the Great, represents the most complete expression of the Greek way of knowing, for he wrote or commented on everything, which included what?
A
With an emphasis on empirical observation, he cataloged the constitution on 158 Greek city-states, identified hundreds of species of animals, and wrote about logic, physics, astronomy, the weather and much else besides.
20
Q
What did Confucius believe about society?
A
society consisted primarily of unequal relationships: the father was superior to the son; the husband to the wife; the older brother to the younger brother; and, of course, the ruler to the subject.
21
Q
After Confucius died, his students collected his teachings in a short book called the _____.
A
Analects
22
Q
The Buddha had instructed his followers in the practice of Metta, which means what?
A
loving-kindness:”Just as a mother would protect her child at the risk of her own life, even so, let [my followers] cultivate a boundless heart towards all beings.”
23
Q
Herodotus, who wrote about the Greco-Persian Wars, explained what?
A
explained his project as an effort to discover “the reason why they fought one another.”
24
Q
What did the Confucian way represent?
A
not laws and punishments, but a moral example of superiors was the Confucian key to a restored social harmony
25
When the Zhou dynasty took power in 1122 B.C.E, the notion of the ________ __ ________ had already taken root, as had the idea that the normal and appropriate condition of China was one of political unity.
Mandate of Heaven
26
What did Jesus, inherited from his Jewish tradition, an intense devotion to a single personal deity, refer to Him as?
Abba meaning "papa" or "daddy"
27
Buddhism vs Hinduism
Buddhism is a simplified Hinduism, sprang from Hinduism and became not as complicated taking on a simpler fashion.
28
After the Zhou dynasty weakened, by 500 B.C.E any unity that China had earlier enjoyed was gone. What followed was a period of what?
chaos, growing violence, and disharmony, known as the age of warring states (during this time Chinese thinkers considered how to restore tranquility, which emerged classical cultural traditions)
29
What was the Good News?
The Good News was the Gospels, where it talks about salvation
30
Where was the term "Hinduism" itself derived from?
The term was derived from outsiders - Greeks, Muslims, and later the British.
31
What do the Vedas portray?
The sacred writings tell of small competing chiefdoms or kingdoms, of sacred sounds and fires, of numerous gods, rising and falling in importance over the centuries
32
What Indian religious tradition differed from another world religions
Hinduism
33
What idea was developed by Buddhist thinkers?
Bodhisattvas - spiritually developed people who postponed their own entry into nirvana to assist those who were still suffering.
34
THe transformation of Christianity from a small Jewish sect to a world religion began with whom?
Saint Paul
35
Who was Prajapati Gotami?
This was the mom of Siddhartha Gautama, who was denied entry to practice Buddhism by her son, in a way saying to her New women allowed
36
What does Junzi mean?
"the superior persons" "gentlemen," very well educated, the superior one, to be a gentleman
37
Who were the most popular deities that were very popular, when India became increasingly prominent with another religious path - the way of devotion to one or another of India's many gods and goddesses?
Vishnu, the protector, and preserver of creation who was associated with mercy and goodness
and
Shiva, a god representing the Divine in its destructive aspect
38
How are Jesus and Gautama similar?
Both became spiritual seekers, mystics in their respective traditions, who claimed to have personal experience another and unseen level of reality. Both were "wisdom teachers." Both called for the personal transformation of their followers.
39
Who was the equivalent supernatural figure that the benevolent deity, Ahura Mazda, was engaged in a cosmic struggle with this supernatural figures force of evil
Angra Mainyu
40
Was Hinduism a missionary type of religion?
not a missionary religion, didn't feel it needed to spread the message, it slowly gathered momentum in South East Asia, but never in the Middle East.
41
Which Jewish prophets articulated in Israel the religious belief of Judaism
Amos, Jeremiah, Isaiah, and other Hebrew Prophets
42
When did the foundation of this Greek rationalism emerge?
During the three centuries between 600 and 300 B.C.E
43
What was the Law of Manu?
It was a set of instructions for women, Women should never be independent, women are emotional and weak
44
In Greece which writers brought about a rational and humanistic tradition
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and many others
45
What did Han Fei want, out of the legalist practice?
Han Fei said to reward the people but also punish them with severe punishments for wrong, "Get the Job done," kind of attitude
46
The North African Carthaginian writer named ______ was known as what?
Tertullian was known as the "father of Latin Christianity"
47
In China which two religions also experienced something of a revival in China, after temples were destroyed in the days of Communist China?
Buddhism and Daoism
48
In India, who brought about the religion of Jainism?
Mahavria
49
What is dukkha to Buddhists?
This kind of suffering derived from desire or craving for individual fulfillment, life is nothing but suffering
50
As Confucius emphasized education as the key to moral betterment, what did he prescribe and the main basis for education?
He prescribed what we might call a broad liberal arts education emphasizing language, literature, history, philosophy, and ethics, all applied to the practical problems of government.
51
Who was the religion of Judaism born among one of the region's smaller and, at the time, less significant people, called the _______?
Hebrews
52
Who compiled the Vedas?
By priests called Brahmins, the Vedas for centuries transmitted orally and were reduced to writing in Sanskrit around 600 B.C.E.
53
What were the names of the Church councils (some) who sought to define an orthodox?
Nicea (325 C.E.), Chalcedon (451 C.E.), and Constantinople (553 C.E.)
54
Who was Socrates?
an Athenian philosopher who walked about the city engaging others in conversation about the good life.
55
What did Chinese Landscape Paintings focus on largely
They largely focused on mountains and water, Chinese landscape paintings were much influenced by the Daoist search for harmony with nature.
56
Legalist thinking provided inspiration to a harsh reunification of China under _______ and the Qin Dynasty
Shihuangdi
57
In what ways was Machiavelli like Confucius?
Both lived near Axial Age, both suffered a live tragedy, and Machiavelli wanted to unify Italy like Confucius wanted to unify China.
58
Confucian virtues for ideal men were contained in the paired concepts of ____ and _____, both limited largely to males.
wen and wu
59
What was the Political Model for the Chinese government?
The family was the model, the relationship between the father and the son is just like the relationship between the ruler and the people.
60
What is atman?
The fundamental assertion of philosophical Hinduism was that the individual human soul, or atman, was, in fact, a part of Brahman
61
What empire took over the Hebrews and sent the Jews into exile?
The Assyrians
62
As Aristotle wrote on everything when his reflection on ethics, where he argued that "virtue" was a product of what?
a product of rational training and cultivated habit and could be learned.
63
Who is ruler Ashoka?
an emperor who after a bloody war, converted to Buddhism as to seek enlightenment, because of his high rank, people began to follow the leader
64
What was the long-enduring social order that Confucius advocated which began at home with unquestioning obedience and utmost respect for parents and senior members of the family?
Filial Piety
65
What was the modified form of Buddhism called that developed by the early centuries of the Common Era?
Mahayana (Great Vehicle) had taken root in parts of India, proclaiming that help was available for the strenuous voyage.
66
In 300 C.E. what percentage of people were Roman Christian
10%
67
Who was Li Po?
A much-acclaimed Chinese poet of the eighth century who expressed a Daoist sensibility in the short poem.
68
What did heaven represent and what did Earth in China during this time?
The heavens were more male-oriented, while earth became like that of women
69
What was the notion of samsara?
Rebirth or Reincarnation, human souls migrated from body to body over many lifetimes, depending on one's actions
70
Laozi is said to have written a short poetic volume, the ________.
Daodejing (The Way and Its Power)
71
What was moksha?
Liberation, compared sometimes to a bubble in a glass of water breaking through the surface and becoming one with the surrounding atmosphere.
72
What was the Trinity comprised of?
God, Jesus the Son of God, and the Holy Spirit, but all make up one God
73
Where was the new kind of popular Hinduism, which the masses found more accessible than the elaborate sacrifices of the Brahmins or the philosophical speculations of intellectuals widely expressed in which epic poems?
The epic poems called the Mahabharata and the Ramayana expressed the revived version of Hinduism indicating a more clear action in the world and the detached performance of caste duties.
74
During Age of warring states, one answer to the problem was the idea and practical philosophy of _____? They thought the solution was to lay in rules or laws, clearly spelled out and strictly enforced through rewards and punishments
Legalism
75
According to the Chinese under the rule of the Qin dynasty, which two groups of people were most important?
Farmers and soldiers, everyone else was considered a waste of time.
76
Plato believed in a world of ______.
forms or ideas which he showed lasted longer than humans, ideas are powerful
77
_____ was associated with the legendary figure Laozi, who, according to tradition, was a sixth-century B.C.E. archivist
Daoism
78
What were Veic women allowed to participate in?
Vedic women participated in religious sacrifices, sometimes engaged in scholarship and religious debate, were allowed to wear sacred thread that symbolized ritual purity in the higher castes, and could on occasion marry a man of their own choosing.
79
What did Aristotle want for the government?
as to government, he urged a mixed system, combining the principles of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy
80
What is nirvana?
It is a virtually indescribable state in which individual identity would be "extinguished" along with all greed, hatred, and delusion.
81
Who founded Hinduism?
No historical founder, founded Hinduism, rather, it grew up over many centuries along with Indian civilization.
82
What happened to China during 500 B.C.E?
The Zhou dynasty disintegrated, a period of warring states, Zhou also struggled because of a new practice of metallurgy. (Bronze was the best metal for battle)
83
The teaching of the Persian prophet, Zarathustra, brought about what monotheistic religious tradition in the Middle East
Zoroastrianism
84
Which religious reformer set in motion a separate religion in India, known later as Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
85
Who was Perpetua?
A young woman whose prison diary provides a highly personal account her arrest and trial. Born in Carthage, upper-class and well educated and was persecuted
86
What was the name of the scholars who were to support the king?
The Guardians
87
Who was the young Siddhartha Gautama?
born in 556, living to be very old, he started out as a prince in a Garden, very closed out from the world. Finally seeing the world he was shocked at all the sickness, death, and poverty
88
Daoism also provided an ideology for a peasant uprising, such as the _______, which imagined a utopian society without the oppression of governments and landlords.
Yellow Turban Rebellion
89
What is Monophysite?
An unorthodox position held by Egyptian Christians
90
What philosophy was used by the Greeks, that promoted questioning, and argument, logic, and reason
Rationalism
91
What religious writings in India, brought about the expression to the classical philosophy of what we know as Hinduism
Upanishads
92
The central concept of Daoist thinking is ____,
Dao, (The Way) an elusive notion that refers to the way of nature, the underlying and unchanging principle that governs all natural phenomena. "moves around and around, but does not on this account suffer, wrote Laozi
93
In September of 2009, who returned to China from her home in Great Britan, because of a birthday celebration of ancestor Kong Fuzi, or Confucius, born 2,560 years earlier?
Kong Dejun
94
Which two monotheistic religious outlooks were very popular in the Middle East?
The Persian Zoroastrianism and Judaism.
95
What was the language spoken in Syria that Jesus most likely spoke?
Aramaic
96
What is Theravada?
The original form of Buddhism believed that Buddha was a teacher rather than a prophet or divine. (teaching of the elders)
97
In China, the teaching of Confucius brought about which philosophy or religion
Confucianism
98
Judaism spread into what religious outlook basis.
Christianity and Islam
99
A woman writer, named Ban Zhao, in a famous work called "_________________" showed what the Confucian views meant for women in family life.
Lessons for Women
100
What does anathema mean?
Those who disagreed with the church council on the point that they wanted to define an orthodox, position on these and other issues and thus expelled from the church
101
What were the Vedas?
A collection of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals.
102
What was the law of karma?
Hindu thinking that pure actions, appropriate to one's station in life, resulted in rebirth in a higher social position or caste
103
What word means worship that was describing a new religious path?
bhakti
104
In China, the teaching of Laozi brought about which philosophy or religion
Daoism
105
Which person and his followers came to believe that the body was composed of four fluids, or "humor," which caused various ailments when out of proper balance.
Hippocrates
106
Daoist ideas were later expressed in a more explicit fashion by the philosopher ______
Zhuangzi
107
Who did Jesus spend his time with to show everyone was accepted?
The "unclean", poor, prostitutes, and thiefs
108
Who was considered the "Father of History," who wrote a book about the Greco-Persian War
Herodotus
109
Plato famously sketched out in The Republic a design for a good society, that ruled how?
It would be ruled by a class of highly educated "guardians" led by a "philosopher-king." Such people would be able to penetrate the many illusions of the material world and to grasp the "world of forms," in which ideas such as goodness, beauty, and justice lived a real and unchanging existence. Only such people, he argued, were fit to rule
110
Confucius, born in the state of Lu, believed he had the key to solve China, but never gaining power, it was through his ideas, creating a body of thought known as _____.
Confucianism
111
Who's drawing on Babylonian astronomy, predicted an eclipse of the sun and argued that the moon simply reflected the sun's light?
Thales
112
In the religion of Zoroastrianism by moving away from the traditional Persian polytheism into a single vision of one god, who was that one god?
Ahura Mazda, who ruled the world and was the source of all truth, light, and goodness
113
A Persian monk named what, initiated a small but remarkable Christian experiment in China?
Alopen
114
What did Confucius believe about both family life and political life?
The cultivation of ren - translated as human-heartedness, benevolence, goodness, nobility of heart - was the essential ingredient of tranquil society
115
Which party in China, even with Mao Zedong as the leader, let Confucius ideas be established as a national treasure and established over 300 Confucian Institutes to study his writings?
Communist (China) Party
116
Who suggested that atoms, tiny "uncuttable" particles, collided in various configurations to form visible matter?
Democritus
117
The death of Socrates at the hands of an Athenian jury showed what?
That philosophy could be a threat as well as an engaging pastime
118
In which Hindu text was the troubled warrior-hero Arjuna in anguish over the necessity of killing his kinsmen as a decisive battle approach?
Bhagavad Gita
