Chapter 4 Flashcards
Indian elite culture embraced the ______ and all things spiritual with enthusiasm and generated elaborate philosophical visions about the nature of ultimate reality
Divine
What is Confucius other name?
Kong Fuzi
Like yin and yang, the outlook that Daoist took was widely regarded by elite Chinese as complementing rather than contradicting ______ values
Confucian
Who enforces a ban on all polytheistic ritual sacrifices and ordered the temples that practiced them closed?
Emperor Theodosius
What did wen and wu represent?
They meant rationality and physical, “Strong bodies and strong minds”
What is Kamasutra?
Sexual pleasure was considered a legitimate goal for both men and women, and its many and varied techniques were detailed in the Kamasutra
Many social changes also came, an iron- age technology, available since roughly 1000 B.C.E. made possible more productive what?
Productive economies and more deadly warfare
Hippocrates also traced the origins of what disease, known to the Greeks as “the sacred disease,”
Epilepsy
Who believed that beneath the chaos and complexity of the visible world lay a simple, unchanging mathematical order?
Pythagoras
The family background of the two teachers of Buddhism and Christianity could hardly have been more different.
Gautama was born to royalty and luxury, whereas Jesus was a rural or small-town worker from a distinctly lower-class family
What is Mahayana?
(Greater Vessel), believed that more people could reach salvation, also a newer version
What did Buddha become over time?
He became a god-like and had a new way that anyone could reach salvation
As China’s bureaucracy took shape during and after the Han dynasty, ______ became the central element of the educational system
Confucianism
Who was very remarkable in history, he was a carpenter, born in Nazareth, and was considered gentle and loving.
Jesus (of Nazareth)
What does Buddha mean?
Enlightened One, this is what they called Gautama
Plato was the teacher of Aristotle, who was he teaching later on?
Alexander the Great
What movement was all about Aristotle?
Scholastic movement which also brought about the Scientific Revolution
How long was Jesus able to teach for?
3 years, was crucified at 33 years old
Aristotle, a student of Plato and a teacher of Alexander the Great, represents the most complete expression of the Greek way of knowing, for he wrote or commented on everything, which included what?
With an emphasis on empirical observation, he cataloged the constitution on 158 Greek city-states, identified hundreds of species of animals, and wrote about logic, physics, astronomy, the weather and much else besides.
What did Confucius believe about society?
society consisted primarily of unequal relationships: the father was superior to the son; the husband to the wife; the older brother to the younger brother; and, of course, the ruler to the subject.
After Confucius died, his students collected his teachings in a short book called the _____.
Analects
The Buddha had instructed his followers in the practice of Metta, which means what?
loving-kindness:”Just as a mother would protect her child at the risk of her own life, even so, let [my followers] cultivate a boundless heart towards all beings.”
Herodotus, who wrote about the Greco-Persian Wars, explained what?
explained his project as an effort to discover “the reason why they fought one another.”
What did the Confucian way represent?
not laws and punishments, but a moral example of superiors was the Confucian key to a restored social harmony
When the Zhou dynasty took power in 1122 B.C.E, the notion of the ________ __ ________ had already taken root, as had the idea that the normal and appropriate condition of China was one of political unity.
Mandate of Heaven
What did Jesus, inherited from his Jewish tradition, an intense devotion to a single personal deity, refer to Him as?
Abba meaning “papa” or “daddy”
Buddhism vs Hinduism
Buddhism is a simplified Hinduism, sprang from Hinduism and became not as complicated taking on a simpler fashion.
After the Zhou dynasty weakened, by 500 B.C.E any unity that China had earlier enjoyed was gone. What followed was a period of what?
chaos, growing violence, and disharmony, known as the age of warring states (during this time Chinese thinkers considered how to restore tranquility, which emerged classical cultural traditions)
What was the Good News?
The Good News was the Gospels, where it talks about salvation
Where was the term “Hinduism” itself derived from?
The term was derived from outsiders - Greeks, Muslims, and later the British.
What do the Vedas portray?
The sacred writings tell of small competing chiefdoms or kingdoms, of sacred sounds and fires, of numerous gods, rising and falling in importance over the centuries
What Indian religious tradition differed from another world religions
Hinduism
What idea was developed by Buddhist thinkers?
Bodhisattvas - spiritually developed people who postponed their own entry into nirvana to assist those who were still suffering.
THe transformation of Christianity from a small Jewish sect to a world religion began with whom?
Saint Paul
Who was Prajapati Gotami?
This was the mom of Siddhartha Gautama, who was denied entry to practice Buddhism by her son, in a way saying to her New women allowed
What does Junzi mean?
“the superior persons” “gentlemen,” very well educated, the superior one, to be a gentleman
Who were the most popular deities that were very popular, when India became increasingly prominent with another religious path - the way of devotion to one or another of India’s many gods and goddesses?
Vishnu, the protector, and preserver of creation who was associated with mercy and goodness
and
Shiva, a god representing the Divine in its destructive aspect
How are Jesus and Gautama similar?
Both became spiritual seekers, mystics in their respective traditions, who claimed to have personal experience another and unseen level of reality. Both were “wisdom teachers.” Both called for the personal transformation of their followers.
Who was the equivalent supernatural figure that the benevolent deity, Ahura Mazda, was engaged in a cosmic struggle with this supernatural figures force of evil
Angra Mainyu
Was Hinduism a missionary type of religion?
not a missionary religion, didn’t feel it needed to spread the message, it slowly gathered momentum in South East Asia, but never in the Middle East.
Which Jewish prophets articulated in Israel the religious belief of Judaism
Amos, Jeremiah, Isaiah, and other Hebrew Prophets
When did the foundation of this Greek rationalism emerge?
During the three centuries between 600 and 300 B.C.E
What was the Law of Manu?
It was a set of instructions for women, Women should never be independent, women are emotional and weak
In Greece which writers brought about a rational and humanistic tradition
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and many others
What did Han Fei want, out of the legalist practice?
Han Fei said to reward the people but also punish them with severe punishments for wrong, “Get the Job done,” kind of attitude
The North African Carthaginian writer named ______ was known as what?
Tertullian was known as the “father of Latin Christianity”
In China which two religions also experienced something of a revival in China, after temples were destroyed in the days of Communist China?
Buddhism and Daoism
