Chapter 16 Part 1 Flashcards
What earthquake in January 2010 not only devastated an already-impoverished country but also reawakened issues deriving from that country’s revolution against slavery and Frech colonial rule, which finally succeded in 1804?
The Haitian Earthquake
Twenty-one years later, what did the French government demand from Haiti?
a payment of 150 million gold francs in compensation for the loss of its richest colony and its “property” in slaves
To repay the French government, what did Haiti do?
Took out major loans from French, German, and North American banks, and repaying those loans was finallly completed in 1947, which drained 80 percent of Haiti’s governemnt revenue in 1915.
Writing in 1772, what did the French intellectual Voltaire ask?
My dear philosopher, doesn’t this appear to you to be the century of revolutions?
In southern Africa a series of wars and migrations known as what?
mfecane(the breaking or crushing) involved widespread and violent disruptions as well as the creation of new states and societies
In the Seven Years’ War, Britan and France joined battle in North America, the Caribbean, West Africa, and South Asia, what did the expenses of these battles prompt?
it prompted the British to levy additional taxes on their North American colonies and the French monarchy to seek new revenue from its landowners
What American revolutionary leader was the U.S. ambassador to France on the eve of the French Revolution, while there what did he do?
Thomas Jefferson; while there he provided advice and encouragement to French reformers and revolutionaries
Who was a leading figure in Spanish American struggles for independence, twice visited Haiti, where he received military aid from the first black government in the Americas?
Simon Bolivar
How were the ideas that animated the Atlantic revolutions derived from the European Enlightenment shared across the ocean?
newspapers, books, and pamphlets
Politically, what was the core notion behind the revolutions?
popular sovereignty, which meant that the authority to govern derived from the people rather than from God or from established tradition
What englishman argued the “social contract” between ruler and ruled should last only as long as it served the people well?
John Locke
In Haiti, who were the chief beneficiaries of these revolutions?
propertied white men of the “middling classes.”
What was adopted by the United Nations in 1948, that echoed and amplified these new principles while providing the basis for any number of subsequent protests against oppression, tyranny and deprivation?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
What was the Middle Eastern uprising known as that initially prompted numerous comparisons with the French Revolution?
Arab Spring
What advantages did England provide for its colonies in the Americas?
protection in war, access to British markets, and confirmation of the settlers’ continuing identity as “Englishmen”
Class distinctions were real and visible in the Americas and a small class of wealthy “gentlemen”- ____ _____ ____ _____ - wore powdered wigs, imitated the latest European styles, were in political life, and generally accorded deference by ordinary people.
the Adamses, Washingtons, Jeffersons, and Hancocks
Who was the famous economist who observed that British colonists were “republican in their manners…and their government” well before their independence from England?
Adam Smith
What did British authorities, in the 1760s begin to do?
Britain began to act like a genuine imperial power, imposing a variety of new taxes and tariffs on the colonies without their consent, for they were not represented in the British Parliament
What were the colonists in the Americas of Britan armed with the ideas of?
of the Enlightenment - popular sovereignty, natural rights, the consent of the governed - they went to war, and prevailed by 1781, with aid from the French
Who later gave voice to this conservative understanding of the American Revolution: “All contracts and rights, respecting property, remained unchanged by the Revolution.”
Chief Justice John Marshall
In the century after their revolution, the United States did become the world’s most democratic country, but this development was because of what?
the gradual working out in a reformist fashion of earlier practices and the principles of equality announced in the Declaration of Independence
James Madison in what made the point clearly: “We pursued a new and more noble course…and accomplished a revolution that has no parallel in the annals of human society?”
Federalist Papers
On the eve of the French Revolution, what did a Paris newspaper proclaim that the United States was?
the hope and model of the human race - referring to the political ideas and practice of the new country
What was proclaimed in the Declaration of INdependence and made effective only in a great struggle, inspired revolutionaries and nationalists from Simon Bolivar to Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam?
right to revolution
What were the first sustained efforts to put the political ideas of the Enlightenment into practice in the Americas?
The new U.S. Constitution - with its Bill of Rights, checks and balances, separation of church and state, and federalism
When did the French revolution begin?
in 1789
