Unit Test Extra Notes (Class Discussions, Videos, Articles, etc.)

Question 1

(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 1. …, …, …, … containing compounds (i.e., …) form … and… as the first life-forming components

Answer 1

methane; ammonia; hydrogen gas; oxygen; acids; amino acids; nucleotides

Question 2

(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 2. they all require a large amount of

Answer 2

time

Question 3

(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 3. … source → has to be something that supplies the … for those inorganic compounds to eventually form the organic compounds

Answer 3

energy; energy;

Question 4

(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 3. energy source for iron-sulfur: …, high … and …, … (these are … and …)

Answer 4

hydrothermal vents; temperatures; pressures; catalysis; nickel sulfide; iron sulfide

Question 5

(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 3. energy source of primordial soup: …, … (…), …

Answer 5

lightning; radiation; UV light; isomerization

Question 6

(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 4. hypotheses necessitate the presence of …, which comes from …. for iron-sulfur and from … and … for primordial soup

Answer 6

water; ocean; ocean; atmosphere

Question 7

for iron-sulfur, life is forming in

Answer 7

depths of ocean

Question 8

for primordial soup, life is forming on

Answer 8

surface

Question 9

miller-urey experiment: vapor … and … reaction occurs, but system then …

Answer 9

rises; condensation; cools down

Question 10

boiling water for miller-urey represents

Answer 10

heating of earth’s oceans

Question 11

characteristics of “weird life” (non-life):

• non-….
• …. form
• make and break …

Answer 11

equilibrium; liquid; chemical bonds

Question 12

liquid form: suggests …, there must be … and … solvent so that these … can occur

Answer 12

interaction; fluidity; liquid solvent; interactions

Question 13

make & break chemical bonds: … to form …, … for … formation

Answer 13

dehydration synthesis; polymers; hydrolysis; monomer

Question 14

with a protocell, evolution of … has not yet occurred

Answer 14

genetically encoded functions

Question 15

in stage 3 rna is

Answer 15

present

Question 16

in stage 4, rna could be …, living cell is distinguished through: … and …

Answer 16

base-pairing; self-replication; division

Question 17

in stage 4, rna as a … to later form …

Answer 17

template; DNA

Question 18

viruses are not considered living due to their lack of

Answer 18

reproductive abilities

Question 19

earliest thought to be life forms: … → …, known as ..

Answer 19

bacteria; stromatolites; cyanobacteria

Question 20

(evidence for big bang) hubble’s observations: changing … between galaxies

Answer 20

distances

Question 21

(evidence for big bang) hubble- measurements called: …., … effect → light travels as a … (… dependent on color)

Answer 21

redshift; doppler; wave; wavelength

Question 22

(evidence for big bang) heat from big bang - .. and … → …

Answer 22

hot; cold spots; non-uniform

Question 23

(evidence for big bang) heat from big bang- … + … (cold)

Answer 23

hydrogen gas; gravity; cold

Question 24

(evidence for big bang) gravity produced by … → … - … times more than physical matter (… universe)

Answer 24

matter; dark matter; 5; sculpted

Question 25

problem with RNA World theory:

Answer 25

where did RNA derive from?

Question 26

In forming pentose sugar (…): there was nothing that was … which should have singled this pentose sugar out, same situation with … and …

Answer 26

ribose; evolutionarily preferable; adenine; guanine

Question 27

there should have been “…” of the RNA which could also interfere with the … of the RNA

Answer 27

isomers; replication

Question 28

through notion of RNA World, an RNA … could not have been formed, but rather … would have been formed → …. and then …

Answer 28

chain; fragments; polymerizing; replicating

Question 29

found that universe is actually … years old

Answer 29

13.8 billion

Question 30

universe is expanding more … than expected

Answer 30

slowly

Question 31

because universe is expanding more slowly, dark energy is more

Answer 31

complicated than initially conceived

Question 32

formation of cells from protocells necessitates: …, …., …

Answer 32

membrane; inheritable info; metabolism

Question 33

amino acids have … unlike nucleic acids, but nucleic acids have …, which amino acids don’t have

Answer 33

sulfur; phosphorus

Question 34

lipids come together in bilayer because

Answer 34

like dissolves like

Question 35

…. is important for self-assembly

Answer 35

compartmentalization

Question 36

… can bring RNA into vesicles: … surface for molecules to … and then …, which happens in a … way

Answer 36

clay; sticky; attach to; interact; random

Question 37

clay could also be way by which … was created and can catalyze assembly of … and …

Answer 37

vesicle; membranes; genetic material

Question 38

growth and division process:

add … to … → …. → … into other cells, this cycle repeats

Answer 38

micelles; vesicles; growth; division

Question 39

primitive cell cycle: … environment for copying chemistry, taking strands apart occurs in … → rapid influx of … from environment to feed … and …, process repeats

Answer 39

cold; hot environment; nutrients; growth; replication

Question 40

(evidence for big bang) cosmic radiation (… radiation), source of this caused universe to be … for millions of years, thermal …

Answer 40

background; orange

Question 41

(evidence for big bang) cosmic microwave background: plasma emitting … of … waves, when it cooled, … could form → universe became …

Answer 41

thermal distribution; electromagnetic; neutral atoms; visible

Question 42

(evidence for big bang) cmb- orange light was redshifted over years, eventually causing universe to appear

Answer 42

dark

Question 43

hot spots in universe would grow into

Answer 43

galaxies