Unit Test Extra Notes (Class Discussions, Videos, Articles, etc.) Flashcards
(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 1. …, …, …, … containing compounds (i.e., …) form … and… as the first life-forming components
methane; ammonia; hydrogen gas; oxygen; acids; amino acids; nucleotides
(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 2. they all require a large amount of
time
(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 3. … source → has to be something that supplies the … for those inorganic compounds to eventually form the organic compounds
energy; energy;
(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 3. energy source for iron-sulfur: …, high … and …, … (these are … and …)
hydrothermal vents; temperatures; pressures; catalysis; nickel sulfide; iron sulfide
(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 3. energy source of primordial soup: …, … (…), …
lightning; radiation; UV light; isomerization
(commonalities for stage 1 hypotheses) 4. hypotheses necessitate the presence of …, which comes from …. for iron-sulfur and from … and … for primordial soup
water; ocean; ocean; atmosphere
for iron-sulfur, life is forming in
depths of ocean
for primordial soup, life is forming on
surface
miller-urey experiment: vapor … and … reaction occurs, but system then …
rises; condensation; cools down
boiling water for miller-urey represents
heating of earth’s oceans
characteristics of “weird life” (non-life):
- non-….
- …. form
- make and break …
equilibrium; liquid; chemical bonds
liquid form: suggests …, there must be … and … solvent so that these … can occur
interaction; fluidity; liquid solvent; interactions
make & break chemical bonds: … to form …, … for … formation
dehydration synthesis; polymers; hydrolysis; monomer
with a protocell, evolution of … has not yet occurred
genetically encoded functions
in stage 3 rna is
present
in stage 4, rna could be …, living cell is distinguished through: … and …
base-pairing; self-replication; division
in stage 4, rna as a … to later form …
template; DNA
viruses are not considered living due to their lack of
reproductive abilities
earliest thought to be life forms: … → …, known as ..
bacteria; stromatolites; cyanobacteria
(evidence for big bang) hubble’s observations: changing … between galaxies
distances
(evidence for big bang) hubble- measurements called: …., … effect → light travels as a … (… dependent on color)
redshift; doppler; wave; wavelength
(evidence for big bang) heat from big bang - .. and … → …
hot; cold spots; non-uniform
(evidence for big bang) heat from big bang- … + … (cold)
hydrogen gas; gravity; cold
(evidence for big bang) gravity produced by … → … - … times more than physical matter (… universe)
matter; dark matter; 5; sculpted
problem with RNA World theory:
where did RNA derive from?
In forming pentose sugar (…): there was nothing that was … which should have singled this pentose sugar out, same situation with … and …
ribose; evolutionarily preferable; adenine; guanine
there should have been “…” of the RNA which could also interfere with the … of the RNA
isomers; replication
through notion of RNA World, an RNA … could not have been formed, but rather … would have been formed → …. and then …
chain; fragments; polymerizing; replicating
found that universe is actually … years old
13.8 billion
universe is expanding more … than expected
slowly
because universe is expanding more slowly, dark energy is more
complicated than initially conceived
formation of cells from protocells necessitates: …, …., …
membrane; inheritable info; metabolism
amino acids have … unlike nucleic acids, but nucleic acids have …, which amino acids don’t have
sulfur; phosphorus
lipids come together in bilayer because
like dissolves like
…. is important for self-assembly
compartmentalization
… can bring RNA into vesicles: … surface for molecules to … and then …, which happens in a … way
clay; sticky; attach to; interact; random
clay could also be way by which … was created and can catalyze assembly of … and …
vesicle; membranes; genetic material
growth and division process:
add … to … → …. → … into other cells, this cycle repeats
micelles; vesicles; growth; division
primitive cell cycle: … environment for copying chemistry, taking strands apart occurs in … → rapid influx of … from environment to feed … and …, process repeats
cold; hot environment; nutrients; growth; replication
(evidence for big bang) cosmic radiation (… radiation), source of this caused universe to be … for millions of years, thermal …
background; orange
(evidence for big bang) cosmic microwave background: plasma emitting … of … waves, when it cooled, … could form → universe became …
thermal distribution; electromagnetic; neutral atoms; visible
(evidence for big bang) cmb- orange light was redshifted over years, eventually causing universe to appear
dark
hot spots in universe would grow into
galaxies
