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AP Bio > Essential Chem (19-23) > Flashcards

Essential Chem (19-23) Flashcards

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1
Q

H2O + H2O → H3O+ + OH-

water dissociates into .. and … in … amounts. As such, water is …, with a pH of …

A

hydronium; hydroxide; stoichiometrically equal; neutral; 7 at 25 degrees C

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2
Q

What defines an acid and a base?

An acid increases …. and acts as a ….
A base increases …. and acts as a ….

A

hydronium concentration; proton donor; hydroxide concentration; proton acceptor

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3
Q

Why are small changes in pH so important in biology?

A “small” change in pH is not truly small as pH= …. These changes are particularly substantial due to the fat that the …

A

-log[H+]; range of pHs in which organisms can survive is small

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4
Q

What is a buffer? A buffer …. and consists of either a … and its …. or a …. and its …

A

resists pH changes

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5
Q

when in biology would you need to know https://www.brainscape.com/molarity?

A

for pHs

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6
Q

(used to measure) nano

A

amino acids

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7
Q

(used to measure) mili

A

frog egg

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8
Q

(used to measure) centi

A

ant

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9
Q

(used to measure) deca

A

blue whale

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10
Q

(used to measure) kilo

A

city to city

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11
Q

(used to measure) mega

A

earth to moon

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12
Q

(used to measure) micro

A

chloroplast, organelles

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13
Q

concentration gradient: process of particles moving through …. from areas of … to areas of …

A

solutions; gases; higher concentration; lower concentration

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14
Q

osmosis: … of water→ water moves through … from regions of … to regions of ….

A

diffusion; semi-permeable membrane; low solute concentrations; high solute concentration

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15
Q

hypertonic: molar concentration of …. in solution is …., causing water to flow …, which can cause the cell to …

A

solute; more than that in cell; shrink

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16
Q

isotonic: molar concentrations of solute in …, and water movement occurs …. does not necessarily suggest …

A

both environments are equal; at fixed rate; equilibrium

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17
Q

hypotonic: molar concentration of solute in solution is …, causing water to flow …, which can cause animal cells to …. due to …. (…. for plant cells)

A

less than that in the cell; into the cell; burst; swelling; ideal

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18
Q

turgid/turgor pressure: … in …. cells resulting from ….

A

resistance; plant cells; water movement into the cell

19
Q

plasmolysis: …. of a … cell due to …

A

contraction; plant; loss of water

20
Q

crenation: in … cells, …. of the cell due to …. when environment is …

A

animal; shriveling; water leaving the cell; hypertonic

21
Q

tonicity refers to

A

salt concentration

22
Q

strong acids and bases …

A

ionize readily and completely

23
Q

weak acids and base

A

dissociate only slightly

24
Q

conjugate acid is the acid that is formed when a base

A

accepts a proton from an acid

25
Q

conjugate base is the base that is formed when an acid

A

donates a proton to a base

26
Q

Ka (equilibrium constant) measures … in terms of …. Based on chemical equation and is equal to …

A

strength of an acid; concentrations; [H+][A-]/ [HA]

27
Q

Larger Ka is … acid, opposite is true

A

stronger

28
Q

HCl in …- moves from … into rest of …- requires …

A

stomach; stomach; digestive system; buffering

29
Q

pH in blood range:

pKa will be

A

7.35-7.45; close to this

30
Q

protein that carries oxygen to cells:

A

hemoglobin (in red blood cells)

31
Q

CO2 can be carried by …. or by … into … BUT mainly carried as …/…

A

hemoglobin; dissolving; blood; carbonic acid; bicarbonate;

32
Q

acidosis: pH … normal range

A

below

33
Q

alkalosis: pH … normal range

A

above

34
Q

As pH increases, h3o+ concentration …. and the solution becomes increasingly …

A

decreases; basic

35
Q

Each pH value is … for exaple, from pH 2 to pH 4, H+ concentration decreases …

A

10 times; 100-fold

36
Q

(Buffering system in blood) equation:

A

H+ + HCO3- ⇄ H2CO3 ⇄ H2O + CO2

37
Q

pH has influence on

A

enzymatic action

38
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a … protein that carries … throughout …

A

globular; gases; blood

39
Q

carbonic anhydrase: … that increases rate at which … is formed from ….

A

enzyme; carbonic acid; carbon dioxide and water

40
Q

HCO3- is the primary

A

CO2 carrier

41
Q

blood is most acidic anywhere …. (any …)→ ….

A

CO2 is produced; cell; tissue

42
Q

At tissues, Hb changes shape to

A

release oxygen

43
Q

in lungs, shape of Hb should have affinity for

A

oxygen

44
Q

want to make sure blood leaving heart …., blood returning …

A

has oxygen; shouldn’t have oxygen

AP Bio (32 decks)

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