Essential Chem (19-23) Flashcards
H2O + H2O → H3O+ + OH-
water dissociates into .. and … in … amounts. As such, water is …, with a pH of …
hydronium; hydroxide; stoichiometrically equal; neutral; 7 at 25 degrees C
What defines an acid and a base?
An acid increases …. and acts as a ….
A base increases …. and acts as a ….
hydronium concentration; proton donor; hydroxide concentration; proton acceptor
Why are small changes in pH so important in biology?
A “small” change in pH is not truly small as pH= …. These changes are particularly substantial due to the fat that the …
-log[H+]; range of pHs in which organisms can survive is small
What is a buffer? A buffer …. and consists of either a … and its …. or a …. and its …
resists pH changes
when in biology would you need to know https://www.brainscape.com/molarity?
for pHs
(used to measure) nano
amino acids
(used to measure) mili
frog egg
(used to measure) centi
ant
(used to measure) deca
blue whale
(used to measure) kilo
city to city
(used to measure) mega
earth to moon
(used to measure) micro
chloroplast, organelles
concentration gradient: process of particles moving through …. from areas of … to areas of …
solutions; gases; higher concentration; lower concentration
osmosis: … of water→ water moves through … from regions of … to regions of ….
diffusion; semi-permeable membrane; low solute concentrations; high solute concentration
hypertonic: molar concentration of …. in solution is …., causing water to flow …, which can cause the cell to …
solute; more than that in cell; shrink
isotonic: molar concentrations of solute in …, and water movement occurs …. does not necessarily suggest …
both environments are equal; at fixed rate; equilibrium
hypotonic: molar concentration of solute in solution is …, causing water to flow …, which can cause animal cells to …. due to …. (…. for plant cells)
less than that in the cell; into the cell; burst; swelling; ideal
turgid/turgor pressure: … in …. cells resulting from ….
resistance; plant cells; water movement into the cell
plasmolysis: …. of a … cell due to …
contraction; plant; loss of water
crenation: in … cells, …. of the cell due to …. when environment is …
animal; shriveling; water leaving the cell; hypertonic
tonicity refers to
salt concentration
strong acids and bases …
ionize readily and completely
weak acids and base
dissociate only slightly
conjugate acid is the acid that is formed when a base
accepts a proton from an acid
conjugate base is the base that is formed when an acid
donates a proton to a base
Ka (equilibrium constant) measures … in terms of …. Based on chemical equation and is equal to …
strength of an acid; concentrations; [H+][A-]/ [HA]
Larger Ka is … acid, opposite is true
stronger
HCl in …- moves from … into rest of …- requires …
stomach; stomach; digestive system; buffering
pH in blood range:
pKa will be
7.35-7.45; close to this
protein that carries oxygen to cells:
hemoglobin (in red blood cells)
CO2 can be carried by …. or by … into … BUT mainly carried as …/…
hemoglobin; dissolving; blood; carbonic acid; bicarbonate;
acidosis: pH … normal range
below
alkalosis: pH … normal range
above
As pH increases, h3o+ concentration …. and the solution becomes increasingly …
decreases; basic
Each pH value is … for exaple, from pH 2 to pH 4, H+ concentration decreases …
10 times; 100-fold
(Buffering system in blood) equation:
H+ + HCO3- ⇄ H2CO3 ⇄ H2O + CO2
pH has influence on
enzymatic action
Hemoglobin (Hb) is a … protein that carries … throughout …
globular; gases; blood
carbonic anhydrase: … that increases rate at which … is formed from ….
enzyme; carbonic acid; carbon dioxide and water
HCO3- is the primary
CO2 carrier
blood is most acidic anywhere …. (any …)→ ….
CO2 is produced; cell; tissue
At tissues, Hb changes shape to
release oxygen
in lungs, shape of Hb should have affinity for
oxygen
want to make sure blood leaving heart …., blood returning …
has oxygen; shouldn’t have oxygen
