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AP Bio > Membranes Notes (Class & NJCTL) > Flashcards

Membranes Notes (Class & NJCTL) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the term membrane most commonly refers to a …., …-like structure that …. two fluids

A

thin; film-like; separates

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2
Q

membranes act as a … for biological systems, surrounding protobionts, cells, and organelles

A

container

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3
Q

the most important lipid that composes the majority of biological membranes is the …

A

phospholipid

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4
Q

the amphiphilic nature of these lipids cause them to naturally form a

A

spherical bilayer.

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5
Q

phospholipids form two … lines with their hydrophobic ends in between. the hydrophobic ends are protected from the …. by the hydrophilic ends, creating a ….

A

parallel; water; bilayer

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6
Q

in animals, cholesterol inserts itself …. into the … in the same orientation as the phospholipid

A

toward the hydrophobic tail; membrane

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7
Q

cholesterol …. the first few hydrocarbons in the phospholipid, making the bilayer more …, and impenetrable to … molecules

A

immobilizes; stable; water

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8
Q

membranes act as …. barriers, allowing some particles or chemicals to pass through, but not others

A

selectively permeable

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9
Q

the properties of the phospholipid bilayer dictate what can …. a membrane

A

pass through

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10
Q

when phospholipids come together, they create a wall that is tightly packed with a core that is …. However, the individual molecules are not fixed and small …. form as they fluidly move around in the membrane (this is what allows other …. to ….)

A

nonpolar; gaps; molecules; enter

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11
Q

charged particles …. through the membrane

A

do not pass

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12
Q

water passes through the membrane because it is very …, and is only ….

A

small; weakly polar

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13
Q

… molecules or …. molecules will not make it through a lipid bilayer

A

large; charged

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14
Q

hydrophobic molecules that pass through membrane:

A

O2, CO2, N2, steroids

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15
Q

small uncharged polar molecules that pass through the membrane:

A

H2O, glycerol, urea, ethanol

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16
Q

large uncharged polar molecules that DO NOT pass through the membrane:

A

glucose, sucrose

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17
Q

for important things like sugar and nucleic acids and proteins and sodium that can’t pass through the membrane, … aid in their transportation

A

embedded (integral) proteins

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18
Q

integral proteins can be …. (…. transport) or …. (…. transport) and are specific to … being transport

A

channels; passive; pumps; active; one item

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19
Q

proteins embedded in the cell membrane facilitate the movement of large or charged molecules through the barrier. by doing this, the internal chemistry of the cell becomes far different than its

A

surroundings

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20
Q

the pattern of lipids and proteins in the cell membrane is referred to as the …. model

A

fluid mosaic

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21
Q

…. proteins stay on only one side of the membrane, but can flip-flop

A

peripheral

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22
Q

…. proteins pass through the … and often span the membrane from one end to the other

A

integral; hydrophobic core

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23
Q

proteins in the plasma membrane can … within the bilayer. they are much ….than lipids and move more …. throughout the fluid mosaic

A

drift; larger; slowly

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24
Q

…. have a carbohydrate attached to a protein and serve as points of attachment for other …, …., …., and many other ….

A

glycoproteins; cells; bacteria; hormones; molecules

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25
Q

…. are lipids with a carbohydrate attached. Their purpose is to provide … and to act in …

A

glycolipids; energy; cellular recognition

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26
Q

an integral protein forms a …. that allows specific substances to diffuse across the membrane, even if they are … or have ….

A

pore; large; charge

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27
Q

antibodies are embedded in cell membranes and bind to antigens on the surface of foreign cells. What type of molecule is an antibody?

A

glycoprotein

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28
Q

in animal cells, water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration during osmosis. In plants, bacteria, and fungi, however, the cell wall exerts a force on the …. of the cell and affects the … of water through the cell membrane.

A

internal environment; net flow

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29
Q

the effects of solute concentration and the pressure provided by the cell wall are incorporated into a quantity called

A

water potential

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30
Q

osmosis moves water from areas of …. water potential to areas of …. water potential

A

high; low

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31
Q

water potential is calculated as follows:

A

water potential = pressure potential + solute potential

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32
Q

water potential is measured in …. or ….

A

megapascals; bar

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33
Q

1 MPa = …. bar

A

10

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34
Q

animal cells do not have cell walls so pressure potential =

A

0

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35
Q

solute potential is dependent upon …. and …. of solute. Its value can be determined using the following equation: ….

A

type; concentration; -iCRT

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36
Q

R = pressure constant: …. Lbar/ molK or …. L*MPa/ mol *K

A

0.0831; 0.00831

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37
Q

every biological cell is surrounded by an aqueous solution containing hundreds, maybe thousands of different …. in a variety of …

A

chemicals; concentrations

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38
Q

the cell’s membrane has ….. to maintain an internal environment which will allow the cell to perform its functions properly

A

protein regulators

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39
Q

the …. allow only specific chemicals, in specific ….. into the cell

A

membrane proteins; concentrations

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40
Q

homeostasis: the regulation of an …, even when the external conditions change

A

internal condition

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41
Q

larger molecules and ions that cannot squeeze between the phospholipids need the help of a ….. This is called ….

A

transport protein; facilitated diffusion

42
Q

in facilitated diffusion, particles move from an area of … to … concentration with the help of a ….

A

high; low; transport protein

43
Q

since the substances are going with the natural concentration gradient, facilitated diffusion is a type of …. transport: …. is needed

A

passive; no energy

44
Q

in facilitated diffusion, transport proteins …. the passive transport of molecules across the plasma membrane

A

speed

45
Q

transport proteins allow passage of …. across the membrane

A

hydrophilic substances

46
Q

channel proteins, are one type of ….. that provide …. that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane

A

transmembrane transport proteins; corridors

47
Q

carrier proteins, are another type of ….. that …. slightly when a specific molecule …. in order to help move that molecule across the membrane

A

transmembrane transport proteins; change shape; binds to it

48
Q

active transport uses …. to move solutes through a …. against their ….

A

energy; transport protein; gradients

49
Q

active transport requires …

A

energy

50
Q

active transport is performed by specific …. embedded in the membranes

A

proteins

51
Q

…. proteins can also be used in active transport when they are moving specific molecules …. their concentration gradients

A

carrier; against

52
Q

the sodium potassium pump is an example of the active transport mechanism. This system is utilized in every animal cell to transport Na+ and K+, maintaining a relatively … concentration of potassium and relatively …. concentration of sodium inside the cell

A

high; low;

53
Q

(sodium potassium pump) step 1: the pump, binds …., and then binds 3 ….

A

ATP; intracellular NA+ ions

54
Q

(sodium potassium pump) step 2: ATP is …, leading to …. of the pump and subsequent release of …

A

hydrolyzed; phosphorylation; ADP

55
Q

(sodium potassium pump) step 3: a conformational change in the pump exposes the …. ions to the ….

A

Na+; outside

56
Q

(sodium potassium pump) step 3: The phosphorylated form of the pump has a low affinity for …. ions, so they are ….

A

Na+; released

57
Q

(sodium potassium pump) step 4: the pump binds 2 …. ions. this causes the … of the pump, reverting it to its previous conformational state, transporting the …. into the cell

A

extracellular K+; dephosphorylation; K+ ions

58
Q

(sodium potassium pump) step 5: the unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity for … ions than …. ions, so the two bound …. ions are …. ATP binds, and the process starts again

A

Na+; K+; K+; released

59
Q

ATP synthase is an integral protein used to generate ATP, by allowing the flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane. This is an example of what type of transport?

A

facilitated diffusion

60
Q

(components of cell membrane) hydrophobic substances can typically pass through the membrane with …. energy, as they are similar to the …. that make up the center of the phospholipid bilayer

A

no; hydrophobic tails

61
Q

(components of cell membrane) cholesterol moderates the …. of the cell membrane. At high temperatures, it prevents the cell membrane from becoming too …. through …. it, and at low temperatures, it prevents …. by obstructing … between particular phospholipid tails

A

fluidity; fluid; stiffening; freezing; contact

62
Q

(components of cell membrane) Extracellular matrix (ECM): the extracellular matrix is a protective matrix located just outside of the bilayer, consisting of … and …

A

proteins; polysaccharides

63
Q

(components of cell membrane) The fibers of the ECM hold …. in place. For insatnce, fibronectin binds to the protein integrin in the cell membrane.

A

integral proteins

64
Q

(components of cell membrane) amino acids in the ECM form …. that attach to proteins, forming …. which participate in cell …. and guide cell …. Overall, the ECM provides … to the plasma membrane and aids in …

A

polysaccharides; proteoglycans; signaling; migration; support; intercellular communication

65
Q

(components of cell membrane) integral proteins are a permanent component of the membrane. They tend to span through the hydrophobic core and have a variety of functions. They can act as … or …. proteins for transporting molecules, as cell … proteins, …. to bring about cellular responses, …. to maintain …., or …. proteins to help … cells

A

channel; carrier; recognition; receptors; enzymes; metabolism; junction; join

66
Q

(components of cell membrane) peripheral proteins are at the exterior of the cell membrane and can detach from it. they have similar functions as

A

integral proteins

67
Q

cell membranes are fluid due to the …. residues that give it an …. consistency

A

unsaturated fatty acid; oil-like

68
Q

with a greater concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, the cell membrane’s fluidity will

A

increase

69
Q

The mosaic component of the model is because there are a large number of …., which can eventually change their …. (although it was found that many of these are associated with the ECM and/or cytoskeleton, which helps hold them in place)

A

embedded proteins; positions

70
Q

cell membranes separate a cell’s content from its …., enabling chemcial reactions within the cell to occur undisrupted

A

external environment

71
Q

cell membranes inhibit the loss of important cell materials, including …., …., …., …., and ….

A

proteins; nucleic acids; carbohydrates; organic monomers; ATP

72
Q

commonalities between cell membranes of past and now: …. (component of … in ….), monitor …. —> needed in all cells in order to be living, regulate …. (….)

A

cytochrome C; electron transport chain; mitochondria; resting membrane potential; energy; ATP synthase

73
Q

(important functions of the cell membrane for the cell) acts as a … from outside disruptions and therefore protects interior

A

barrier

74
Q

(important functions of the cell membrane for the cell) regulates … of … into and out of the cell

A

transport; molecules

75
Q

(important functions of the cell membrane for the cell) receives … from the environment and reacts to these

A

signals

76
Q

(important functions of the cell membrane for the cell) glycoproteins and glycolipids that are a component of the cell membrane … the cell and therefore allow it to …. with other cells (e.g. white blood cells in immune system)

A

mark; communicate

77
Q

(important functions of the cell membrane for the cell) involved in …. due to presence of proteins

A

metabolic processes

78
Q

(important functions of the cell membrane for the cell) …. allow for movement of things

A

vesicles

79
Q

if a cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will cross the membrane …. to sustain the cell. rate of …

A

quickly enough; transport decreases

80
Q

resting membrane potential is the …. across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest

A

voltage difference

81
Q

resting potential is determined by … of … across the membrane, particularly referencing the uneven distribution of .. between the inside and outside of the cell

A

concentration gradients; ions; ions

82
Q

resting potential: transporting ions … their concentration gradient; suggests that interior of cell is more … than the outside of the cell (typically … millivolts- mV)

A

up; negative; -70

83
Q

active transport incorporated in movement of ions for resting potential, as ions are moving

A

against their gradients

84
Q

for membrane potential, reference point is … of the cell, and the potential here looks at …

A

outside; gradients

85
Q

water potential references the tendency of water to move in a particular manner. this is defined as the … per mole of water and is influenced by … and ….

A

free energy; solute and prssure potential

86
Q

solute potential relates to …. and pressure potential refers to the … or … pressure on a solution

A

solute concentration; positive; negative

87
Q

potential for water potential also looks at

A

gradients

88
Q

resting membrane potential relates to water potential because they both relate to …. and both help to maintain …

A

concentration gradients; homeostasis

89
Q

potentials are regulated through either

A

active/passive transport

90
Q

osmoregulation: “The maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in fluids of an organism by the control of … and …..”

A

water; salt concentratoins

91
Q

countercurrent exchange/ countercurrent multipliers: usiing cell membranes as a ….; heat or some other component crosses between two … in … directions

A

gradient; flowing bodies (fluids); opposite

92
Q

respiratory/circulatory countercurrent exchange in sharks: oxygen-rich water passes over the gills in the … direction as oxygen-poor blood such that the blood ….

A

opposite; gains oxygen

93
Q

with respiratory countercurrent exchange, an equilibrium is … reached as the blood is ceaselessly encountering water that has a …. than the blood does

A

never; higher oxygen content

94
Q

this countercurrent exchange also allows for the … amount of oxygen to pass from the water and into the blood

A

maximum

95
Q

countercurrent exchange involves a … alignment

A

parallel

96
Q

thermal regulation & countercurrent exchange: when blood travels back to the heart, it is heated by way of …. and …. The heat is then transferred, through …., to …. blood as it passes through veins and arteries. the blood in veins and arteries flow in opposite directions, allowing for the countercurrent heat exchange

A

muscle contraction; metabolic processes; thermal conduction; arterial;

97
Q

thermal regulation & countercurrent exchange: alignment is also …. (important- …., allows for ….)

A

parallel; juxtaposition; heat exchange

98
Q

thermal regulation & countercurrent exchange: …. carry blood away from the heart; …. carry blood to the heart, …. are warmer than ….

A

arteries; veins; veins; arteries

99
Q

countercurrent exchange is intended to maintain a

A

concentration gradient

100
Q

sharks are …. (influenced by environmental temperatures) whereas humans are

A

ectothermic; endothermic

101
Q

glucose is … transported, but is too big, so it uses … proteins

A

passively; carrier

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