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AP Bio > Neurons, Sodium-Potassium Pump, Uniport & Cotransport > Flashcards

Neurons, Sodium-Potassium Pump, Uniport & Cotransport Flashcards

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1
Q

the sodium potassium pump is an example of the active transport mechanism. This system is utilized in every animal cell to transport … and …, maintaining a relatively high concentration of …. and relatively low concentration of …. inside the cell.

A

Na+; K+; potassium; sodium

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2
Q

(sodium potassium pump) the pump binds … and then binds … intracellular … ions

A

ATP; 3; Na+

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3
Q

(sodium potassium pump) ATP is …, leading to … of the pump and subsequent release of …

A

hydrolyzed; phosphorylation; ADP

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4
Q

(sodium potassium pump) A … change in the pump exposes the Na+ ions to the …. The phosphorylated form of the pump has a low affinity for … ions, so they ….

A

conformational; outside; Na+; are released

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5
Q

(sodium potassium pump) The pump binds … extracellular … ions. This causes the … of the pump, reverting it to its previous … state, transporting the … ions into the cell.

A

2; K+; dephosphorylation; conformational; K+

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6
Q

(sodium potassium pump) The unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity for Na+ ions than K+ ions, so the two bound K+ ions are …. …. binds and the process …

A

released; ATP; repeats

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7
Q

neurons rely on the unequal distribution of … and … ions to …. (known as …) throughout the nervous system

A

sodium; potassium; transmit signals; action potentials

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8
Q

in a resting neuron (one not sending signals), the ionic gradient produced by the sodium-potassium pump generates a resting potential of … to … mV

A

-60; -80

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9
Q

a certain amount of sodium and potassium is always leaking across the membrane through leakage channels, but sodium potassium pumps in the membrane actively

A

restore the ions to the appropriate side

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10
Q

nerve impulses are passed along neurons by a … of the membrane. an action potential is triggered when the membrane potential increases to between …. and … mV

A

depolarization; -40;-55

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11
Q

when this … value is reached, … gates open causing these ions to move … the cell

A

threshold; sodium; into

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12
Q

the influx of Na+ triggers … to open, releasing … ions … the cell. This depolarization of the cell signals the next neuron in the pathway to …

A

K+ gated channels; potassium; from (outside of); depolarize

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13
Q

the neuron returns to its original state through the action of …. embedded in the membrane and the original concentration gradients are …

A

sodium/potassium pumps; reestablished

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14
Q

Uniport: when …. type of molecule moves in a … through the cell membrane, independent of other molecules

A

one; single direction

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15
Q

Symport (co-transporter): … kinds of molecules move in … direction at the same … through the cell membrane

A

two; the same; time;

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16
Q

Antiport (exchanger): … kinds of molecules move in the … direction through the cell membrane –> binding on … sides of the transport protein

A

two; opposite; opposite

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17
Q

antiport and symport can be … (but not always)

A

active transport

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18
Q

facilitated diffusion is

A

uniport

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19
Q

symport and antiport powered by the … of ….

A

breakdown; ATP

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20
Q

cotransport incorporates the movement of one type of ion or molecule …. its concentration gradient and one type of ion/molecule … its concentration gradient –> both … and …. transport

A

against; down; passive; active

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21
Q

sodium potassium pumps are an example of … due to the fact that they are moving in … directions across the membrane

A

antiport; opposite

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22
Q

ATP synthase is an enzyme complex in the membrane that contains a channel, making it both a … and an … protein

A

channel; enzymatic

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23
Q

As a channel, ATP synthase allows … to flow down its … gradient - a gradient based on the …. differences and …. across the cell membrane

A

H+; electrochemical; electrical potential; chemical concentrations

24
Q

The movement of H+ into the cell provides the necessary … that allows for the production of ….

A

kinetic energy; ATP

25
Q

ATP synthase transport is … in that only one type of substance, the …., are being transported through the channel, all moving in the … direction

A

uniport; hydrogen ions; same

26
Q

Action potential defines a change in … across the … and consists of three stages: …, …, and …

A

polarity; axonal membrane; depolarization; repolarization; hyperpolarization

27
Q

beginning with a resting membrane potential of -70 mV, a sufficiently large … is applied such that the threshold– the minimum change in … necessary for an action potential to occur– is reached and the … is initiated

A

stimulus; polarity; action potential

28
Q

the first stage of an action potential is …, in which the intra-axonal portion of the membrane becomes …

A

depolarization; positive

29
Q

Depolarization occurs because, when the threshold is reached, many … open, and there is an influx of … into the axon, causing the voltage to increase from … mV to … mV

A

sodium channels; sodium ions; -70; +40

30
Q

the significant increase in voltage prompts … to open, while … close

A

potassium channels; sodium channels

31
Q

potassium ions then leave the axon in a stage known as …., causing the voltage of the axon to return back to the … of … mV

A

repolarization; resting membrane potential; -70

32
Q

however, the voltage continues to decrease, causing …, as the gated potassium channels are …

A

hyperpolarization; leaky

33
Q

the axon again returns to -70 mV, due to the … that continually pump … ions out of the cell and …. ions into the cell

A

sodium/potassium pumps; 3 sodium; 2 potassium

34
Q

dendrites: receive … (…)

A

signals; neurotransmitters

35
Q

nerves … make contact with other nerves/muscles

A

do not

36
Q

neurotransmitter: made up of …, suggests that dendrite must have … on the surface

A

proteins; protein receptors

37
Q

node of

A

ranvier

38
Q

openings of myelin sheath (…) coating the … –> fat because it is … and is …

A

fat; axon; insulating; slipper

39
Q

myelin sheath helps to speed up

A

conduction

40
Q

without myelin sheath, the signal is …., not going in same …

A

dispersed; line

41
Q

action potential (…) always progresses in …. direction due to the … in previous node

A

saltatory conduction; a single; hyperpolarization

42
Q

synapse: space between … and between … and …

A

nerves; nerves; muscles

43
Q

examples of neurotransmitters: …, …, … (ACL)

A

dopamine; serotonin; acetylcholine

44
Q

tetanus - …, leads to … –> muscles locked in …, leads to inability to …, trouble …, interrupting …, …

A

bacteria; lock jaw; contraction; swallow; breathing; speech; death

45
Q

tetanus progresses as …, … not broken down in this case

A

bacteria divide; acetylcholine

46
Q

node contains: … pump, …

A

sodium/potassium pump; voltage gated sodium & potassium channels

47
Q

action potential jumps from … to …, but adjacent ones are never doing the same thing at the same time –> …

A

node; node; saltatory conduction

48
Q

ion channels: proteins extending across the cell membrane, allowing for the passage of … into or out of the cell

A

ions

49
Q

ion channels are specific to certain ions and are opened for a short amount of time in response to …, meaning that they are …

A

signals; gated

50
Q

the transport of ions across ion channels is a form of … transport, as no … is required

A

passive; energy

51
Q

two predominant groups of transport proteins:

A

channel & carrier proteins

52
Q

both channel and carrier proteins create a passageway for molecules to enter/exit a cell, but carrier proteins …. when moving substances across the membrane

A

change their shape

53
Q

ATP pumps are proteins that engage in the active transport of substances … their concentration gradients, powered by the … of … into … and …

A

against; hydrolysis; ATP; ADP; phosphate

54
Q

Another example of active transport using an ATP pump is the … exchanger in the stomach

A

hydrogen/potassium

55
Q

for the hydrogen/potassium exchanger, hydrogen ions are transported from a region of … concentration to a region of … concentration to make gastric juices especially acidic

A

low; high

56
Q

with multiple sclerosis, myethin sheaths are damaged which impedes …. between different regions of the brain. This leads to various stages of …, …. problems, and general …

A

transmission of signals; paralysis; vision; weakness

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