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AP Bio > Emergence of Organic Molecules > Flashcards

Emergence of Organic Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

(big bang) theory states that all of the mass in the universe was once compacted into

A

one small point

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2
Q

(big bang) universe was then created by a massive … and it has been … ever since

A

explosion; expanding

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3
Q

(big bang) .. precedes theory

A

hypothesis

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4
Q

(big bang) a theory is … among scientists, allows for a … explanation, where a hypothesis is limited

A

widely accepted; complete

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5
Q

(big bang) best described as … → infinitely .., … point of high …

A

singularity; hot; small; density

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6
Q

(big bang) not like an explosion → best compared to

A

balloon being blown up

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7
Q

(big bang) occurred about … years ago

A

14 billion

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8
Q

(big bang) before this, … existed (LIEESSS)

A

nothing

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9
Q

(big bang) the universe will continue to

A

expand

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10
Q

(big bang) the age of Earth is about … years

A

4.6 billion

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11
Q

(big bang) the early universe was almost completely made of … and …

A

hydrogen; helium

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12
Q

(big bang) none of the heavier elements existed at the

A

dawn of the universe

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13
Q

(big bang) earth formed about … years after the start of the universe, and in that time stars were … and …

A

10 billion; born; died

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14
Q

(big bang) all the heavier atoms on the periodic table were created by … inside those stars, or when they …

A

nuclear fusion; exploded

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15
Q

(big bang) when the early stars died explosively (… and …) those heavier elements were … into space

A

novae; supernovae; scattered

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16
Q

(big bang) when earth and its solar system formed, it was in a cloud of … which included all the ….; no new … have been created since earth formed

A

matter; naturally occurring elements in periodic table; elements

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17
Q

(big bang) what came first? atoms, electromagnetic force, neutrons, or quarks

A

electromagnetic force

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18
Q

(big bang) electromagnetic force had to come first because there must be a … to even form atoms

A

force of attraction

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19
Q

(early earth) earth’s atmosphere was composed of mix of compounds, the most prevalent of which were: …, …, …, …, …, …

A

water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonia

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20
Q

(early earth) earth was also subject to intense … and …

A

lightning; ultraviolet radiation

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21
Q

(early earth) early earth atmosphere contained practically no .., as this gas is not expelled during …

A

oxygen; volcanic eruptions

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22
Q

(early earth) oxygen gas first entered the atmosphere as a byproduct of …. initial oxygen production reacted with …, producing banded … formations. these formations have been used to date the evolution of photosynthesis to approximately … years ago

A

photosynthesis; iron; iron; 2.45 billion years

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23
Q

(early earth) … underwent photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

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24
Q

(early earth) as earth’s crust cooled and solidified, water vapor condensed to create

A

oceans

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25
Q

(early earth) water is thought to have been brought to Earth by … in the early solar system

A

comets

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26
Q

(early earth) … of Earth’s surface is submerged in water, this is the main reason Earth is habitable

A

3/4

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27
Q

(water) the polarity of water causes it to act like a …, attracting other molecules that have positive and negative poles

A

magnet

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28
Q

(water) polarity of water gives it several important properties that allowed for life on Earth: ability to moderate …, versatility as a …, … behavior

A

temperature; solvent; cohesive

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29
Q

(water) water has a very high specific heat. this means that a great amount of energy is needed to raise the temperature of water by a few degrees. because of this, temps on earth’s surface can undergo extreme variations without water

A

freezing or boiling away

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30
Q

(water) life’s chemical reactions need to occur in …, in water, … can … and … can occur

A

solution; nutrients; dissolve; chemical reactions

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31
Q

(water) cohesive behavior allows water to bend … molecules into …

A

carbon (organic); 3-D shapes

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32
Q

(organic monomers from space) the … in the solar system, from which Earth formed, was rich in organic chemicals

A

dust

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33
Q

(organic monomers from space) meteorites striking earth would have hit with lower .. since the atmosphere was …, organic components would have …

A

velocity; thicker; survived

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34
Q

(organic monomers from space) estimated that several million kg of organic chemicals fall as … to earth each year

A

cosmic dust

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35
Q

(organic monomers from reactions) the oxygen-rich atmosphere of today is … and breaks …

A

corrosive; molecular bonds

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36
Q

(organic monomers from reactions) recent experiments, improving on miller’s, have produced most of the naturally occurring organic molecules including:

A

amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleotides

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37
Q

(4 conditions required for chemical evolution) absence of … in the atmosphere: this would have broken down any large organic molecule by ….

A

oxygen; accepting electrons

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38
Q

(4 conditions required for chemical evolution) high energy input: at that point in time, the sun was producing massive amounts of

A

ultraviolet radiation

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39
Q

(4 conditions required for chemical evolution) micromolecules: the inorganic molecules had to be in the … and ….

A

atmosphere; primitive oceans

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40
Q

(4 conditions required for chemical evolution) time: adequate time had to pass to give the molecules a chance to …, …, and …

A

form; react; reform

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41
Q

polymers are formed through process called

A

dehydration synthesis

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42
Q

the process of chemical evolution relies on molecules reacting with one another to form new molecules. reacting together also involves breaking molecules apart. This process is called …

A

hydrolysis

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43
Q

hydrocarbons form the framework from which the 4 different classes of macromolecules have been derived. these are:

A

carbs, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids

44
Q

(carbs) carbs have equal amounts of … and … atoms, but twice as many … The general formula for a carb is …

A

carbon; oxygen; hydrogen; CxH2xOx

45
Q

(carbs) monosaccharides are .. sugars, which include … and ….

A

simple; glucose; fructose

46
Q

(carbs) monosaccharides form … molecules

A

ring-shaped

47
Q

(carbs) basic roles of monosaccharides:
- … to do …
- raw materials for …
- monomers from which … are synthesized

A

fuel; work; carbon backbones; larger carbs

48
Q

(carbs) sugars all have several … groups in their structure that makes them .. in water

A

hydroxyl; polar

49
Q

(carbs) cells link 2 simple sugars together to form

A

disaccharides

50
Q

(carbs) disaccharide formation is another example of a … reaction, the same reaction used to create …

A

dehydration reaction; proteins

51
Q

(carbs) the most common disaccharide is … ( ..+ …)

A

sucrose; glucose; fructose

52
Q

(polysaccharides) polysaccharides are polymers of

53
Q

(polysaccharides) different organisms link monosaccharides together, using dehydration reactions, to form several different polysaccharides. The most important 3 are …, …, and …

A

starch; glycogen; cellulose

54
Q

(polysaccharides) starch is used for … in …, can be … or …

A

long term energy storage; plants; branched; unbranched

55
Q

(polysaccharides) glycogen has the same kind of bond between monomers as … but it is always highly …

A

starch; branched

56
Q

(polysaccharides) glycogen is used for … in …. It’s used in … to provide a local supply of … when needed and is broken down to …

A

long term energy storage; animals; muscles; energy; glucose

57
Q

(polysaccharides) cellulose is a carb used to make .. in …

A

cell walls; plants

58
Q

(polysaccharides) cellulose has a different kind of bond between monomers, forming chains that are cross-linked by

A

hydrogen bonds

59
Q

(polysaccharides) in order for cells to obtain energy from polysaccharides, they must first be … into …. Therefore, … occurs, breaking the polysaccharide into …

A

broken down; monosaccharides; hydrolysis; glucose molecules

60
Q

(nucleic acids) compounds consisting of …, …, …, …, and …

A

carbon; hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen; phosphorus

61
Q

(nucleic acids) two main types of nucleic acids are

A

DNA and RNA

62
Q

(nucleic acids) nucleic acids are chains of … linked together by … bonds

A

nucleotides; phosphodiester

63
Q

(nucleic acids) parts of a nucleotide: …. ( a … compound), a …, a ….

A

base; nitrogen; sugar; phosphate

64
Q

(nucleic acids) ribonucleic acid uses the sugar … while DNA uses the sugar …

A

ribose; deoxyribose

65
Q

(nucleic acids) nucleotides: each strand is unique due to is sequence of …. In this way, … is stored in the sequence of nucleotides.

A

bases; genetic information

66
Q

(nucleic acids) since the bases are not part of the … or the …, the base sequence is … of them. any base sequence is possible

A

sugar; bond; independent

67
Q

(RNA) RNA is usually … stranded, so it can take on many different …

A

single; shapes

68
Q

(RNA) …. bonds form between different bases, and between bases and … these bonds cause RNA to form …

A

hydrogen; water; different shapes

69
Q

(RNA) adenine bonds with …, and cytosine bonds with…

A

uracil; guanine

70
Q

(DNA) … stranded, forms only one shape: …

A

double; double-helix

71
Q

(DNA) pair bonding between nucleotides is between guanine and …, and adenine and …

A

cytosine; thymine

72
Q

(proteins) compounds consisting of …, … and …, …, and sometimes …

A

carbon; hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen; sulfur

73
Q

(proteins) also called … or …

A

peptides; polypeptides

74
Q

(proteins) chains of … linked together by …

A

amino acids; peptide bonds

75
Q

(proteins) there are … amino acids used to construct the vast majority of proteins. while there are a few others that are sometimes used, these are the “…” amino acids

A

20; standard

76
Q

(proteins) all life on earth uses virtually the same set of… to construct its proteins

A

amino acids

77
Q

(proteins) amino acids always include an … group, a …. group, and a … that is unique to each amino acid

A

amine; carboxyl; side chain

78
Q

(proteins) the side chain determines the … of each amino acid

A

unique properties

79
Q

(proteins) … is critical to the function of a protein and depends on four levels of structure:

A

shape; primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

80
Q

(proteins) the primary structure of a protein is the … that comprise it

A

sequence of amino acids

81
Q

(proteins) each protein consists of a unique ..

A

amino acid sequence

82
Q

(proteins) secondary structure is a result of … formation between … and … groups of amino acids in each polypeptide chain

A

hydrogen bond; amine; carboxyl

83
Q

(proteins) secondary structure: depending on where the groups are relative to one another, the secondary structure takes the shape of an … or a …

A

alpha helix; pleated sheet

84
Q

(proteins) tertiary structure is the overall … shape of the polypeptide. this shape determines the protein’s …. and results from the clustering of … and …. .. and …. between them along helices and pleats

A

3-D; function; hydrophobic; hydrophilic; R-groups; bonds

85
Q

(proteins) denaturation: changes in …, …, and … can cause proteins to lose their ….

A

heat; pH; salinity; functionality;

86
Q

(proteins) some proteins have a … structure, which consists of more than one … interacting with each other through … bond and …/… interactions

A

quaternary; polypeptide chain; hydrogen; hydrophobic/hydrophilic

87
Q

(proteins) 7 different roles:
- …: …, cell …
- ….: as part of … and other … cells
- …: sources of ….
- ….: …, … proteins
- …: …, … proteins
- …: …, … proteins
- …: regulate speeds of …

A

structural; hair; cytoskeleton; contractile; muscle; motile; storage; amino acids; defense; antibodies; membrane; transport; hemoglobin; membrane; signaling; hormones; membrane; enzymatic; chemical reactions

88
Q

(lipids) lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not consist of

89
Q

(lipids) main functions of lipids include: … storage, the major component of …., involved with … activities

A

energy; cell membrane; metabolic

90
Q

amphiphilic molecules have a … and a…. so one of its ends is attracted to …, while the other end is repelled

A

hydrophobic tail; hydrophilic head; water

91
Q

lipids are either

A

hydrophobic or amphiphilic

92
Q

(triglycerides: hydrophobic lipids) constructed from two types of smaller molecules: a single … and ….

A

glycerol; three fatty acids

93
Q

(triglycerides: hydrophobic lipids) fatty acids are … acids with a very long chain of …. They vary in … and the number and locations of … they contain

A

carboxylic; carbon atoms; length; double bonds

94
Q

(phospholipids: amphiphilic lipids) phospholipids have 2 … and 1 …,

A

fatty acids; phosphate group

95
Q

(phospholipids: amphiphilic lipids) the phosphate end is … and … with water. the fatty acids are made of long chains of … and …, making them …; as a result, the phosphate end is … and the fatty-acid end is …. overall, phospholipids are …

A

polar; hydrogen bonds; carbon; hydrogen; nonpolar; hydrophilic; hydrophobic; amphiphilic

96
Q

(steroids) lipids with backbones which form …. Cholesterol is an important steroid as are the male and female sex hormones, …. and …

A

rings; testosterone; estrogen

97
Q

RNA has been shown to be capable of some of the key functions enabling life: …, …, and …

A

replication; metabolism; catalyzation

98
Q

abiogenesis particularly refers to the processes by which

A

life on Earth may have arisen

99
Q

… year old cyanobacteria are the oldest and … life forms ever discovered

A

3.5 billion; simplest

100
Q

membranes are the natural condition of … when placed in aqueous solution

A

phospholipids

101
Q

some of the common features of all life on earth that make a universal ancestor a logical necessity includes the following:
all life on earth uses the identical
- universal …. that makes all life’s structures possible
- … in DNA and RNA
- DNA and RNA …., enzymes that make polymers
- …. for sending genetic messages
- …. for gathering amino acids
- …. for assembling proteins

A

genetic code; base pair coding; polymerases; mRNA; tRNA; ribosomes;

102
Q

other common features that prove LUCA:

  • …. of amino acids
  • …. that are used to build all proteins
  • … as the ultimate energy source (very few exceptions)
  • … for making cell membranes
  • … for growth
  • .. and … for creating potential
  • …. as the “currency” of energy to power all their systems
  • … to power production of ATP
A

l-isomers; 20 amino acids; glucose; lipid bilayer; cellular division; sodium; potassium ion pumps; atp; atp synthase

103
Q

the evolution of luca occurred between … and … billion years ago

104
Q

fossilized stromatolities provide evidence that the first organisms on earth were …

A

prokaryotic cells

105
Q

the earliest stromatolites have been dated to … billion years ago; these cells were/are very limited in their capabilities to perform the …

A

3.5; functions of life

106
Q

early prokaryotic cells are the simplest packet of chemicals capable of doing all the functions that …

A

define life

107
Q

life is defined a set of conditions that separate …. from the …

A

abiotic; biotic

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