Translation, Transcription, and Other Notes for Unit 5 Flashcards
(NJCTL) capsid is everything on … of the phage and is made of …
exterior; protein
(NJCTL) In Hershey and Chase’s experiment, bacteria and viruses were mixed to increase the … of phages
concentration
(NJCTL) In Hershey and Chase’s experiment, the bacteria that were mixed with radioactive sulfur viruses were not radioactive because … the bacteria
the capsid doesn’t enter
(NJCTL) A chromosome is an organized structure of … and … found in cells. It is a single piece of … DNA containing many …
DNA; protein; coiled; genes
(NJCTL) The DNA molecule may be … or …, and can be composed of … to over … nucleotides in a long chain.
circular; linear; 100,000; 3,750,000,000
(NJCTL) scaffolding proteins allow for more
coiling
(NJCTL) chromosomes are haploid in … and … cells and are diploid in … cells
egg; sperm; all other
(NJCTL) a karyotype is a … of the actual … of an individual human.
photograph; chromosomes
(NJCTL) Karyotype: a … is isolated and the chromosomes are removed and … They can be used to learn about possible chromosomal …
nucleus; arranged; abnormalities
(NJCTL) A strand of DNA is replicated in segments. At intervals down the DNA molecule, portions of the 2 strands separate creating … Either side of this is known as a ..
replication bubbles; replication fork
(NJCTL) DNA replication is a precise process that must … To do this cells use many enzymes in a complex process that uses … to create new DNA molecules
minimize error; template strands
(NJCTL) PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a technique which uses the principles of … to amplify the amount of DNA available for testing and manipulation. This reaction is carried out by a special machine that utilizes repeating cycles of …, …, …, and … to build copies of the DNA fragment
DNA replication; heat; DNA polymerase; DNA primers; free nucleotides
(NJCTL) PCR enables small amounts of DNA to be turned into … amounts
large
(NJCTL) PCR works in the following steps:
1. DNA is … to high …, the DNA strands …, separating the double helix
2. DNA is …, … and … in the mixture … to the DNA
3. The temperature is slightly … to increase the rate of … reactions
The cycle is repeated, … the amount of DNA each cycle
heated; temperatures; denature; cooled; primers; polymerase; anneal; increased; replication; doubling
(NJCTL) expressing the information stored on a gene into a protein requires:
… from the 4 letter language of DNA to RNA, then from the 4 letter language of RNA, to the … letter language of proteins (their amino acid sequences)
translating; 20
(NJCTL) The mRNA message is read in 3-letter words called …, each of which codes for an … or tells the process to …
codons; amino acid; stop
(NJCTL) There are … codons, but only … amino acids. So some codons code for the same amino acid
64; 20
(NJCTL) … of the codons code for an amino acid, … of the remaining codons are … codons that do not code for an amino acid. These signal that … is over
… codon that codes for the amino acid … is also the … codon. … is always the first amino acid in a protein
51; 3; stop; translation; 1; methionine; start; methionine
(NJCTL) This is called a universal code because … uses the same genetic code. This tells us that this code goes back …, in the first cell or even before that. If there were alternative codes that could work, they would have appeared in nature. There are very minor alterations, but they are rare and insignificant in their effect
all life; billions of years
(NJCTL) The processes of replication, transcription, and translation are so critical that they are called the … of biology
central dogma
(NJCTL) a dogma is a …, an …, a …
it is central because it is what … is based on
postulate; idea; philosophy; life
(NJCTL) The central dogma is a one way process. Changes in DNA affect … and …, but changes in proteins or mRNA do not affect the …
mRNA; protein; DNA
(NJCTL) Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme
RNA polymerase
(NJCTL) Transcription of genes is regulated by the … Genes are turned on and off in response to …
cell; environmental signals
(NJCTL) The control region is where … bind to the gene. When all the necessary factors are combined, RNA polymerase can bind to the gene and initiate …
transcription factors; transcription
(NJCTL) transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase and cofactors bind to the … (a section of the control region). The RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA creating an …, a space that grants RNA polymerase access to a … of the DNA molecule
promoter; initiation bubble; single strand
(NJCTL) The RNA polymerase never attaches to the strand that actually … the … The strand with the genes is called the “…” strand. This is not the strand that is …
contains; gene; non-template strand; transcribed
(NJCTL) The other strand is the … image of the non-template strand, and it carries the … image of the gene, not the gene itself. It is called the “…” This is the strand where the … attaches
mirror; mirror; template; RNA polymerase
(NJCTL) the template strand is used because RNA will be the … of the DNA it is transcribed from. And the non-coding strand is the mirror image of the gene. As such, the non-template strand of DNA (the gene) matches the new ..
mirror image; RNA strand
(NJCTL) To make the RNA strand, RNA polymerase runs down the DNA template strand … the … and bringing in the new RNA … with the proper complementary bases. As the RNA polymerase runs down the DNA, it … it
reading; bases; nucleotides; unwinds
(NJCTL) transcription is made possible by the fact that the different bases are attracted to one another in pairs based on the number of … they can make
hydrogen bonds
(NJCTL) Just like in DNA replication, RNA is made from the … end to the … end
5’; 3’
(NJCTL) RNA polymerase gets to a sequence on the DNA called a … This sequence signals the RNA polymerase to stop transcription. The RNA polymerase then … the DNA. The new RNA strand .. from the DNA, and the DNA recoils into a …
termination sequence; falls off; separates; helix
(NJCTL) individual cells respond to environmental change by … their …
regulating; gene expression
(NJCTL) one of the properties of life is “… to the …” which relates to regulating gene expression
response; environment
(NJCTL) two examples of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes are: … and …
lac operon; trp operon
(NJCTL) summary of gene expression regulation in eukaryotes:
the gene must be unpacked from …, the right … must be present
…. occurs
… and … must be added to the mRNA
pre-mRNA must be …
…. allow passage to the cytoplasm
mRNA comes into contact with a …. and … occurs
protein is used within the cell or exported to the environment
chromatin; transcription factors; transcription; cap; tail; spliced; nuclear pores; ribosome; translation
(NJCTL) translation is the process by which … strands are read to build …
RNA; proteins
(NJCTL) Translation requires 3 types of RNA that are created using transcription:
mRNA or … RNA, … the … for protein synthesis. This type of RNA is key to The Central DOgma
rRNA or … RNA, is a … for protein synthesis
tRNA or … helps in the assembly of .. during protein synthesis
messenger; carries; information; ribosomal; catalyst; transfer; amino acids
(NJCTL) the specific rna that contains the protein’s information form DNA is called …: it carries the genetic message to …, where it is translated
messenger RNA; ribosomes
(NJCTL) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and some additional proteins make up the …, which includes two subunits, one … and one …
ribosome; small; large
(NJCTL) During translation, the ribosome catalyzes the reaction that makes … between …, thus building the …
covalent bonds; amino acids; protein
(NJCTL) transfer RNA carries .. to the ribosomes so that the ribosome can covalently bond them together to form the protein. RNA, being single stranded, can … on itself. In tRNA the RNA folds into a .. shape`
amino acids; fold in; t
(NJCTL) on tRNA, there is an amino acid … site, where the amino acid will attach
there is a …., a 3-base sequence on the tip that is complementary to the … on the mRNA
attachment; anticodon loop; codon