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AP Bio > Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

(NJCTL) all cells have 4 things in common

  • They are surrounded by a …. (or …)
  • they contain a … called the …/….
  • they contain structures called …, which carry the cell’s …
  • they have …,, which assemble … into ….
A

plasma membrane; cell membrane; semifluid substance; cytosol; cytoplasm; chromosomes; genes; ribosomes; amino acids; proteins

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2
Q

(NJCTL) There are 3 key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:

  • eukaryotic cells are usually … than prokaryotic cells
  • eukaryotic cells have … inside them called …
  • most eukaryotes (but not all) are … organisms
A

larger; small compartments; organelles; multi-cellular

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3
Q

(NJCTL) 2 types of prokaryotes:

A

bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

(NJCTL) often we think of bacteria as being primarily harmful organisms. while there are harmful bacteria, most are beneficial; we depend on them.
Bacteria cover all … of our … This includes our … since that is also considered to be …

A

the external surfaces; bodies; digestive tracts; external

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5
Q

(NJCTL) bacteria live in cooperation with you; they protect you against … and help you … Without these bacteria, which have evolved with us, as we evolved, we could not live healthy lives

A

harmful bacteria; digest food

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6
Q

(NJCTL) The number of bacterial cells living on us is … than the number of our own cells. Those bacteria have more … genetic material than do our own genes. That bacterial genetic material allows them to create … or … that are essential to us

A

greater; unique; enzymes; products

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7
Q

(NJCTL) newborn babies get … of these bacteria from their mothers, so that their … can function

A

innoculations; digestive systems

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8
Q

(NJCTL) there are also bacteria in many … sources, like … and …

A

food; yogurt; cheese

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9
Q

(NJCTL) when we take antibiotics to fight a harmful bacteria, it’s usually recommended to consume …, such as yogurt, to replace any of our … that might be accidentally harmed, as antibiotics are …

A

probiotics; helpful bacteria; non-specific

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10
Q

(NJCTL) in fact, most antibiotics themselves are derived from … They are created in … by bacteria to fight … We then use them in the form of …. or … to fight harmful bacteria.

A

bacteria; nature; other bacteria; antibiotic pills; injections

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11
Q

(NJCTL) archaea were classified as bacteria until very recently. In 1977, they were separated from bacteria into their own …, or …

A

domain; grouping

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12
Q

(NJCTL) many archaea are …, organisms that live in environments where life had been considered impossible. They have been found living in areas of extreme … (such as …), … solutions of lower than … and higher than …, and solutions with high …, …, or … concentrations

A

extremophiles; temperature; hydrothermal vents; pH; 3; 9; salt; methane; heavy metal

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13
Q 
(NJCTL) while archaea have many cell structures and metabolic pathways in common with bacteria, research has shown that their genes and factors involved in their gene expression are more like those of ... (the class of organisms that include ..., ..., and ...). This has led scientists to believe that ... developed after .... 
... branched off from ...
A

eukaryotes; animals; plants; fungi; archaea; bacteria; archaea; bacteria

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14
Q

(NJCTL) all prokaryotes are …, meaning a … cell is considered an …

A

unicellular; single; entire organism

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15
Q

(NJCTL) Prokaryotes can live on their own, but most form … — large … (…, …, or more) live in a … area

A

colonies; groups; millions; billions; tightly packed

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16
Q

(NJCTL) Prokaryotes have a variety of … and …

A

shapes; functions

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17
Q

(NJCTL) primary prokaryote shapes: …, …, …

A

spirochete; bacilli; cocci

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18
Q

(NJCTL) bacilli: …-shaped

A

rod

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19
Q

(NJCTL) cocci:

A

spherical

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20
Q

(NJCTL) spirochete:

A

spiral

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21
Q

(NJCTL) prokaryotes have many different structures, each having a specific job or function. These structures within the cell operate like small …. They are used for various functions that help maintain the … of the overall organism

A

molecular machines; life

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22
Q

(NJCTL) Most prokaryotes have a … that prevents … in … solution

A

cell wall; rupturing; hypotonic

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23
Q

(NJCTL) The cell wall is outside the cell’s … and maintains the cell’s …, provides …, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment

A

plasma membrane; shape; physical protection

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24
Q

(NJCTL) In bacteria, this cell wall is made of a strong carbohydrate fiber called … In Archaea, various cell wall types exist.

A

peptidoglycan

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25
Q

(NJCTL) the cell wall of some prokaryotes is covered by a …, a … layer of … or … that allows them to … to ….

A

capsule; sticky; polysaccharide; protein; adhere; surfaces

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26
Q

(NJCTL) most motile prokaryotes propel themselves by …, a …-like … structure.

A

flagella; tail; protein

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27
Q

(NJCTL) The flagella allows prokaryotes to exhibit …, the ability to move … or … from certain …

A

taxis; toward; away; stimuli

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28
Q

(NJCTL) … is movement in response to … in the environment. …. is movement in response to …

A

chemotaxis; chemicals; phototaxis; light

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29
Q

(NJCTL) positive chemotaxis: …

negative chemotaxis: …

A

toward; away

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30
Q

(NJCTL) … are thin, … tubes originating from the prokaryotic cell membrane

A

pili; protein

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31
Q

(NJCTL) there are … basic types of pili

A

two

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32
Q

(NJCTL) two types of pili:

  • short … pili, also known as …, that are usually quite numerous- these allow cells to … to other cells or to … objects
  • long … pili, also called “…” or … pili that are few in number- these allow bacteria to … from one cell to another
A

attachment; fimbriae; attach; inanimate; conjugation; F; sex; transfer genetic information

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33
Q

(NJCTL) Sex pili are specialized ….
… bacteria creates sex pilus
… bacteria does not create sex pilus

A

fimbriae; F+; F-

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34
Q

(NJCTL) the fluid which fills the cell is called the … - contains the …, …, etc.
the watery portion alone is the …

A

cytoplasm; cytosol; enzymes; cytosol

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35
Q

(NJCTL) Floating in the cytoplasm are the … and the …, a …-stranded, … structure containing the prokaryote’s …

A

ribosomes; bacterial chromosome; double; circular; DNA

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36
Q

(NJCTL) Prokaryotes usually only have … chromosome and the area where it is located is known as the …

A

one; nucleoid

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37
Q

(NJCTL) many prokaryotes also have … – smaller … molecules that are … of the bacterial chromosome

A

plasmids; circular; independent

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38
Q

(NJCTL) plasmids are … –> outside of …

A

extra-chromosomal; chromosome

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39
Q

(NJCTL) plasmids contain genes for adaptations like …., making a … (…), making …, and guarding against …

A

resistance against antibiotics; sex-pilus; F-pilus; toxins; heavy metal toxicity

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40
Q

(NJCTL) The presence of an .. (or an …) gives the prokaryotic cell the ability to have …, by forming a sex pilus. This allows the prokaryote to donate … to other prokaryotes in its colony, increasing their …

A

F plasmid; F factor; fertility; DNA; genetic variability

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41
Q

(NJCTL) The “F” factor is located in the

A

bacterial chromosome

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42
Q

(NJCTL) … plasmids give a bacterial cell antibiotic resistance

A

R

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43
Q

(NJCTL) Antibiotic resistance gives the bacterial cell immunity to certain types of … When a bacterial cell is exposed to an antibiotic, individuals with the … will survive and … in the overall population

A

antibiotic; R plasmid; increase

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44
Q

(NJCTL) Prokaryotic cells divide and reproduce by …, the splitting of one cell into two. In order for each cell to have a complete copy of the DNA, the bacterial chromosome must be … prior to …

A

binary fission; replicated; cell division

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45
Q

(NJCTL) Step 1 of binary fission is replication: 1 chromosome with 1 …

  • …-… replication
  • … replication –> starts replicating at top, like a circle peeling off of another
A

daughter cell; semi-conservative; theta

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46
Q

(NJCTL) binary fission: no difference between … and …. –> … reproduction

A

parent; offspring; asexual

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47
Q

(NJCTL) After the chromosome is replicated in binary fission, the cell … in … with one copy in each new cell

A

divides; half

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48
Q

(NJCTL) at the time when prokaryotic cells were evolving, there were most likely different … of cells. A cell’s efficiency and ability to survive depended on its …

A

sizes; surface area to volume ratio

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49
Q

(NJCTL) The … of the cell determines the amount of … activity it can carry out per unit time. The … of the cell determines the amount of … the cell can take in from the environment and the amount of … it can release.

A

volume; chemical; surface area; substances; waste

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50
Q

(NJCTL) As a cell grows in size, its surface area to volume ratio … It performs chemical reactions …, but it has a harder time getting … in and … out

A

decreases; faster; nutrients; waste

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51
Q

(NJCTL) we know that cells need to be small enough so that they have an increased …, but be large enough to perform the … of metabolism.
The … the cell, the larger its surface area and the smaller its volume.
The … the cell, the smaller the surface are is compared to its large volume inside

A

surface area; chemical reactions; smaller; bigger

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52
Q

(NJCTL) eukaryotic cells are, on average, much … than prokaryotic cells. the average diameter of most prokaryotic cells is between … and … micrometers. By contrast, most eukaryotic cells are between … to … micrometers in diameter.

A

larger; 1; 10; 5; 100

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53
Q

(NJCTL) to increase efficiency in the larger cell, eukaryotes evolved many bacterium-sized parts known as … These subdivide the cell into …

A

organelles; specialized compartments

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54
Q

(NJCTL) Organelles play many important roles in the cell. Some transport … to the cell membrane. Others keep the molecules required for specific chemical reactions located within a certain … so they do not need to … long … to be useful

A

wastes; compartment; diffuse; distances

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55
Q

(NJCTL) having organelles increases … of eukaryotes, as they have … to store/create …

A

surface area; membranes; gradients

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56
Q 
(NJCTL) organelles making up eukaryotic cells include: "
...
....
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
A 
nucleus
lysosomes
ribosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
vacuoles
smooth ER
rough ER
chloroplasts
golgi apparatus
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57
Q

(NJCTL) even with organelles, the size of the cell is limited to about … micrometers cubed. this is why large organisms must consist of many …

A

1000; smaller cells

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58
Q

(NJCTL) types of eukaryotes: …, …, …, …

A

protists; fungi; plants; animals

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59
Q

(NJCTL) protists: the … eukaryotic … Protists are …-celled eukaryotes. They range from … to …

fungi: these organisms evolved … in time along with … Examples include …, …, and …
plants: plants vary in type from the first plants called … to the modern … plants
animals: animals were the … eukaryotes to evolve. Animals range from …and … to …

A

first; cells; single; protozoans; algae; second; plants; mushrooms; molds; mildews; mosses; flowering; last; ancient sponges; hydra; primates

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60
Q

(NJCTL) the defining organelle in eukaryotic cells is the … This contains the … and controls the cell’s activities by directing … from …

A

nucleus; DNA; protein synthesis; DNA

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61
Q

(NJCTL) prokaryote = “before a ..”

eukaryote = “…”

A

nucleus; true nucleus

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62
Q

(NJCTL) The nucleus is enclosed by a double cell membrane structure called the …
This has many openings called … which help the nucleus “…” with other parts of the cell.

A

nuclear envelope; nuclear pores; communicate

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63
Q

(NJCTL) Inside the nucleus is a dense region known as the …, where … is made and … are assembled. They then exit through the …

A

nucleolus; rRNA; ribosomes; nuclear pores

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64
Q

(NJCTL) 3 main functions of the nucleus:

  1. to keep and contain a safe copy of all … (…) and pass them on to … in …
  2. to assemble … (specifically in the …)
  3. to … DNA instructions into … (via …)
A

chromosomes; DNA; daughter cells; cell division; ribosomes; nucleolus; copy; RNA; transcription

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65
Q

(NJCTL) ribosome is made of … and … and this is where … occurs
Ribosomes are NOT …

A

rRNA; proteins; translation; organelles

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66
Q

(NJCTL) Ribosomes consist of two …, a … and a …. Each of these consists of proteins and rRNA. The two come together when … need to be made

A

subunits; small; large; proteins

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67
Q

(NJCTL) recall ribosomes make … between … in translation. The instructions for making ribosomes are in the … From DNA, … is made. Some of these are … and others hold the … from the DNA to make the … from …
Central dogma:
DNA —> RNA (by way of …) –> proteins (by way of …)

A

peptide bonds; amino acids; DNA; rRNA; structural; code; ribosomal proteins; mRNA; transcription; translation

68
Q

(NJCTL) two types of ribosomes exist in eukaryotic cells: … ribosomes and … ribosomes

A

free; bound

69
Q

(NJCTL) bound ribosomes are … to … in the cell’s …

free ribosomes move … through the … and produce … and … used … by the cell

A

attached internal membranes; endomembrane system; freely; cytoplasm; proteins; enzymes; internally

70
Q

(NJCTL) 2 subunits of ribosomes clamp down on

A

mRNA

71
Q

(NJCTL) several organelles, some made up mainly of …, form a type of assembly line in the cell. They make a protein, then process and ship it to its final destination in the … or … the cell. Organelles included in this system include the .., …. and …., …, and …
Collectively, we refer to them as the ..
Note that the … is also considered part of the system

A

membranes; cell membrane; outside; nucleus; rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; golgi apparatus; lysosomes; endomembrane system; plasma membrane

72
Q

(NJCTL) When RNA leaves the nucleus, it enters the … This organelle is a series of membrane-bound … and …. It is continuous with the outer membrane of the …
There are two types: … and …

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER); sacs; tubules; nuclear envelope; rough; smooth

73
Q

(NJCTL) Rough ER has … attached to its membrane (thus a rough appearance). These synthesize proteins that will be used in the …, … the cell, or … to another .. .called a ….

A

ribosomes; plasma membrane; secreted outside; shipped; organelle; lysosome

74
Q

(NJCTL) As proteins are made by the ribosomes, they enter the … of the ER where they are … and …

A

lumen (opening); folded; processed

75
Q

(NJCTL) This type of ER is called smooth because it lacks … on its surface.
There are a variety of functions of this organelle, which include:
making …
processing certain … and … absorbed by the cell.
storing … (for example, in muscle cells)
Note: the liver is an organ that detoxifies substances brought into the body. Therefore, they have huge amounts of smooth ER

A

ribosomes; lipids; drugs; poisons; calcium ions

76
Q

(NJCTL) once the proteins are processed, short chains of sugars sometimes linked to these proteins, which are then known as … These serve as “…” that will tell the protein where it will go

A

glycoproteins; zip codes

77
Q

(NJCTL) when the molecule is ready to be exported out of the ER, it gets packaged into a … THis is made of membranes from the … itself and travels to another organelle known as the ..

A

transport vesicle; ER; Golgi apparatus

78
Q

(NJCTL) The main function of the golgi apparatus is to .., …, and … cell products. it works like the postal department of the cell. Proteins and lipids enter through the … face and exit through the .. face

A

finish; sort; ship; cis; trans

79
Q

(NJCTL) the golgi is located near the … and works closely with the … of the cell. It receives and … substances manufactured by the … Once they are … they are shipped out to other areas of the cell.

A

cell membrane; ER; modifies; ER; modified

80
Q

(NJCTL) one key difference between the golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum is that the sacs comprising the golgi are not

A

interconnected

81
Q

(NJCTL) Some proteins from the Golgi Apparatus are transported to the …, an organelle …

A

lysosomes; breaks down other substances

82
Q

(NJCTL) Lysosomes are membrane-bound … that consist of … which break … into … through the addition of ..

A

vesicles; hydrolytic enzymes; polymers; monomers; water

83
Q

(NJCTL) lysosomes are similar to the stomach in terms of .. action and are also …

A

digestive; acidic

84
Q

(NJCTL) Lysosomes may fuse with food-containing organelles called … and then the enzymes … the food, releasing … into the cell’s …
The fusion …
… do this

A

vacuoles; digest; nutrients; cytoplasm; activates enzymes; protists

85
Q

(NJCTL) damaged or unneeded proteins may become enclosed within a membranous .. which then fuses with a … The organic molecules from the breakdown process are … and … by the cell

A

vesicle; lysosome; recycled; reused;

86
Q

(NJCTL) … have many lysosomes because they must break down …

A

white blood cells; pathogens

87
Q

(NJCTL) peroxisomes are membrane-bound … and are specific types of … that forms and breaks down … which is toxic to cells

A

vesicles lysosomes; hydrogen peroxide

88
Q

(NJCTL) in all cells, hydrogen peroxide forms constantly from the combining of … and …as bi-products of .. and needs to be … quickly

A

hydrogen; oxygen; metabolism; broken down

89
Q

(NJCTL) H2O2 is broken down into

A

water and oxygen

90
Q

(NJCTL) peroxisomes are not part of the

A

endomembrane system

91
Q

(NJCTL) peroxisomes also produce … and …

A

bile salts; break down fats

92
Q

(NJCTL) the 3 main functions of the plasma membrane:

  • … –> regulates … of molecules …/… of the cell
  • … –> acts as a …
  • … support
  • also involved in … and … to … as well as … by way of … and …
A

selective permeability; transport; into; out; protection; barrier; structural; receiving; reacting; signals; cellular communication; glycolipids; glycoproteins

93
Q

(NJCTL) many proteins created by the cell are too large to pass through the membrane, even using protein carriers or integral proteins. The substances use other ways of getting into/out of the cell by … with the .. –> … and … which is … and is a form of …

A

fusing; cell membrane; exocytosis; endocytosis; bulk transport; active transport

94
Q

(NJCTL) to excrete a macromolecule from the cell, the vesicles that enclose the proteins fuse with the plasma membrane and the vesicles then open up and spill their contents outside of the cell. This process is known as … The vesicle will become part of the … and can then make the cell …
This ishow secretory proteins from the … exit the cell and is true for … in the pancreas

A

exocytosis; plasma membrane; larger; golgi; insulin

95
Q

(NJCTL) insulin is a protein hormone made by … in the islets in the pancreas that enable cells to take .. in from the … It is a secretory protein made in the … Specifically, it is secreted out of the … cells into the …

A

beta cells; glucose; blood; rough ER; pancreas; blood stream

96
Q

(NJCTL) secretion of insulin is example of … –> insulin is only secreted when blood glucose levels are …

A

regulated secretion; elevated

97
Q

(NJCTL) the opposite of exocytosis is … In this process, the cell takes in … or other particles by forming … or … from its …
This is how many … ingest food particles

A

endocytosis; macromolecules; vesicles; vacuoles; plasma membrane; protists

98
Q

(NJCTL) 3 types of endocytosis: …, …, and …

A

phagocytosis; pinocytosis; receptor-mediated endocytosis

99
Q

(NJCTL) phagocytosis deals with …, … particles (“phago” means to …) –> common in .. organisms like ..
can be seen by normal …

A

solid; larger; eat; unicellular; amoebas; microscope

100
Q

(NJCTL) pinocytosis is for taking in … However what the cell wants is not that itself, but the … that are .. in it (pino means to …)
can be seen by …

A

liquids or smaller particles; substances; dissolved; drink; electron microscope

101
Q

(NJCTL) chloroplasts reside in plant cells and some protists and convert … into … stored in the cell for later use

A

solar radiation; energy

102
Q

(NJCTL) mitochondria reside in all … cells and convert … from glucose into …

A

eukaryotic; chemical energy; ATP

103
Q

(NJCTL) interestingly, both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own …, separate from that found in the … of the cell. They also have a … cell membrane

A

DNA; nucleus; double

104
Q

(NJCTL) chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy through … Chloroplasts are partitioned into 3 major compartments by internal membrane:
…, …, …

A

photosynthesis; thylakoids; stroma; intermembrane space

105
Q

(NJCTL) remember that during photosynthesis it is on the … that the light dependent reactions take place. These are highly … in …
in eukaryotes, they are … in the chloroplasts. The fluid outside of these is called the … where the … takes place

A

thylakoid; folded; prokaryotes; stacked; stroma; calvin cycle

106
Q

(NJCTL) mitochondria; are sometimes referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell. they convert chemical energy to (glucose) into a more usable and regenerative form of chemical energy (ATP).
The mitochondrion is also partitioned like the chloroplast. They only have two compartments as opposed to three in the chloroplast: …, …

A

matrix; intermembrane space

107
Q

(NJCTL) remember cell respiration must take place near a membrane so that a … can be built in a membrane space that is separate from the rest of the cell. thus the membrane would separate the inner volvume, with a deficit of …, from the outside, with an …
in prokaryotes, the “intermembrane space” is between the … and the ..
in eukaryotes, that membrane is the intermembrane space of the … in between the … and …

A

proton gradient; protons; excess; cell membrane; cell wall; mitochondria; inner membrane; outer membrane

108
Q

(NJCTL) the mitochondria and chloroplast are different from other eukaryotic organelles because they have their own …, their own …, and have a … cell membrane. in 1970, lynn margulis published the theory of .. to explain these facts, which states that the mitochondria and chloroplasts were once … that got taken up by another …
the mitochondria was a … that could make its own … The chloroplast was a … that could perform …

A

DNA; ribosomes; double; endosymbiosis; free-living prokaryotes; prokaryote; bacteria; ATP; bacteria; photosynthesis

109
Q

(NJCTL) some mitochondrial DNA is not in the cell nucleus, it is only passed along from … to …: animals, including you, inherit your mitochondria from your … only. This is because the egg from our mothers contained her … (Dad’s sperm only contains the …, none of his … usually

A

mother; child; mother; organelles; chromosomes; organelles

110
Q

(NJCTL) All of our organelles we inherited from our … Mitochondrial DNA is a way to trace … through a family or through a species. The “…” is the first human female that gave rise to all humans. In theory, we can trace all humans back to her through our …

A

mothers; maternal heritage; mitochondrial eve; mitochondrial DNA

111
Q

(NJCTL) … are membranous sacs and they come in different shapes and sizes and have a variety of functions

A

vacuoles

112
Q

(NJCTL) central vacuoles in plants store … Absorbing … makes a plant cell more …, or having more … inside - leading to … and …

A

water; water; turgid; pressure; strength; rigidity

113
Q

(NJCTL) Central vacuoles that are full will take over most of the … and literally push the organelles to the … of the cell. It can also store …, …, and ..

A

cytoplasm; side; vital chemicals; pigments; waste products

114
Q

(NJCTL) increased turgor pressure results from the central vacuole being … with … It presses out on the … which then presses out on the … but the plant cell will not … or …. like an animal cell would in a hypotonic environment

A

filled; water; cell membrane; cell wall; explode; lose its shape

115
Q

(NJCTL) when the turgor pressure decreases the cell is … and … this is associated with …, … lettuce, as well as ….

A

limp; droopy; wilted; limp; droopy flowers

116
Q

(NJCTL) contractile vacuoles can be found in certain … These act as a … to expel excess … from the cell. This is especially helpful to those organisms living in a .. to keep the cell from ..

A

single-celled protists; pump; water; freshwater environment; exploding

117
Q

(NJCTL) food vacuoles are mainly found in … The protist ingests …. The particles then fuse with a … This contains … that break the food down

A

protists; food particles; lysosome; hydrolytic enzymes

118
Q

(NJCTL) cytoskeleton is a network of … within the cytoplasm. Three types of fibers collectively make up the cytoskeleton:
…, …, …
These fibers provide … support and are also involved in various types of … and …

A

fibers; microfilaments; intermediate filaments; microtubules; structural; movement; motility

119
Q

(NJCTL) the cell wall is an outer layer in addition to the plasma membrane found in .., …, and …

A

fungi; algae; plant cells

120
Q

(NJCTL) the composition of the cell wall varies among species and even between cells in the same … All cell walls have … embedded in a stiff .. of … and other …

A

individual; carbohydrate fibers; stiff matrix; proteins; carbohydrates

121
Q

(NJCTL) plant cell walls are made of the polysaccharide … Fungal cell walls are made of the polysaccharide ..

A

cellulose; chitin

122
Q

(NJCTL) The cells of many multi-cellular animals are surrounded by a …, which provides … support to the cells in addition to providing various other functions such as …, …, separating … from one another and regulating … This is primarily comprised of an interlocking mesh of … and …

A

extracellular matrix (ECM); structural; anchorage; cellular healing; tissues; cellular communication; proteins; carbohydrates

123
Q

transformation: alteration of genotype and phenotype by uptake of … from the …, which leads to …. This is achieved by way of … that recognize and transport DNA from related species into the cell

A

foreign DNA; environment; genetic variation; cell-surface proteins

124
Q

transduction: … that infect bacteria – …– carry … from one host to another

A

viruses; phages; bacterial genes

125
Q

specialized transduction: phages that integrate their … into bacterial chromosome carry this out. They pick up … genes as they exit the chromosome and transfer it to a new host

A

genome; bacterial;

126
Q

transduction refers to phages that insert itself in the … and the cell’s …, such that when bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission they continually have …

A

cell DNA; viral DNA

127
Q

conjugation: direct transfer of … between two, temporarily joined, bacterial cells. One cell .. the DNA, and another … it. This is achieved by way of a .., which attaches to the … bacteria and pulls it in, such that a … can form and … can occur

A

genetic material; donates; receives; sex pilus; recipient; cytoplasmic mating bridge; DNA transfer

128
Q

(NJCTL) the one that can form the sex pilus has the … and is considered …
they first make a … of the … so they don’t lose it. After this, the sex pilus is extended, and it travels from the … cell to the … cell

A

F-plasmid; F+; copy; plasmid; F+; F-

129
Q

(NJCTL) F refers to

A

fertillity factor

130
Q

(NJCTL) transformation and transduction are more similar because they both involve an uptake of DNA from …, neither require a second … Difference is that … is more specific

A

another source; bacterial cell; transduction

131
Q

Frederick Griffith: … of S. pneumoniae in …
injected mice with R-strain –> mice …
virulent S-strain –> mice ..
killed S-strain -> mice …
heat killed S + live R –> mice .., due to … that occurs in … cells, live … is found because .. was … into …

A

transformation; rats; lived; died; lived; died; transformation; R-strain; S; R; transformed S

132
Q

f factor is a special piece of DNA that enables bacteria to form … and donate .. during conjugation

A

sex pili; DNA

133
Q

f plasmid can cause

A

antibiotic resistance

134
Q

Hfr cells have the F factor .. .into their …

Hfr stands for …

A

built; chromosomes; high frequency of recombination

135
Q

R plasmids: genes that code for … that destroy particular … R stands for …

A

enzymes; antibiotics; resistance

136
Q

the first eukaryotes –> …

had …-like structures and underwent …

A

alphaproteobacteria; mitochondria; cellular respiration

137
Q

primary endosymbiosis: the initial process of … the first … (….)

A

engulfing; prokaryotes; cyanobacterium

138
Q

secondary endosymbiosis: .. and … were ingested into the … of another eukaryote

A

red; green algae; food vacuole

139
Q

cyanobacterium: … color, …

A

blue-green; photosynthesize

140
Q

evidence for alphaproteobacteria: presence of … that all cells have

A

mitochondria

141
Q

evidence for primary endosymbiosis
… atmosphere
… membrane
presence of .. within those organelles

A

oxidizing; double; circular DNA

142
Q

evidence for secondary endosymbiosis:
plastids contain their own … and … –> …
plastids have .. membranes, because they were engulfed …

A

vestigial nuclei; photosynthesize; nucleomorphs; 4; twice

143
Q

plasmodium vivax is … and … Mostly … and … die from malaria. The former have .. that are not fully … and the latter have more …

A

eukaryotic; unicellular; children; pregnant women; immune systems; developed; blood cells

144
Q

when an infected mosquito bites a human host, … infect .. cells and mature into .. that release .. by way of asexual reproduction. these are released into … when … cells … The .. then reproduce and become …, which another mosquito will pick up when the host is bitten again. In the mosquito’s stomach, .. become … which become .. that form .. which … and release new … that can be injected into another host

A

sporozoites; liver; schizonts; merozoites; red blood cells; liver cells; burst; merozoites; gametocytes; gametocytes; gametes; zygotes; oocysts; rupture; sporozites

145
Q

the unique organelle of plasmodium falciparum is called an … and allows it to … into …

A

apicoplast; burrow; red blood cells

146
Q

sickle cell anemia originated in .. and either … or … as a result of a …

A

africa; saudi arabia; india; mutation

147
Q

if you have sickle cell anemia, you can beat malaria because the red blood cells are .. so malaria cannot … into the RBCs, which … the parasite

A

abnormally shaped; gain access; starves

148
Q

three domaisn

A

eukarya; archaea; bacteria

149
Q

strepto: … to .., …-like
stafillo: … of cells

A

end; end; chain; clumping

150
Q

introns: .. of DNA

A

segments

151
Q

similarities and differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya:
nuclear envelope present only in …
membrane-enclosed organelles present only in ..
peptidoglycan present only in …
membrane lipids are branched only in …
RNA polymerase is varied in … and …
initiator amino acid for protein synthesis is formyl-methionine in … and methionine in … and …
introns are present in … and … and rare in …
growth is inhibited due to antibiotics like steptomycin and chloramphenicol only in …
histones is associated with DNA in … and …
circular chromosomes are present in …
ability to grow at temperatures above 100 celcius is only for …

A

eukarya; eukarya; bacteria; archaea; archaea; eukarya; bacteria; eukarya; archaea; eukarya; archaea; bacteria; bacteria; eukarya; archaea; bacteria; archaea; archeae

152
Q

commonalities in protists: most are … and use .. and have …

A

unicellular; aerobic metabolism; mitochondria

153
Q

difference between protists and prokaryotes: basically all differences between … and …

A

eukaryotes; prokaryotes

154
Q

3 categories of protists: …, …, and …

A

photosynthetic plant-like algae; absorptive fungus-like organisms; animal-like

155
Q

plant-like algae protists: mostly …, but others are … (e.g. euglena)
don’t have …
…

A

photosynthetic; consumers; chloroplsts; heterotrophic

156
Q

plant-like algae protists:

algae –> …, …, and … due to differing pigments used for …

A

red; brown; green; photosynthesis

157
Q

plant-like algae protists:

red algae- contain most of the world’s …, have …, …, …, attach to …

A

seaweeds; chlorophyll; multicellular; colonize; rocks

158
Q

plant-like algae protists:

brown: live in … climates, attach to .., form … in ocean, have .. and … pigment

A

colder; rocks; beds; chlorophyll; yellowish-brown

159
Q

plant-like algae protists:

green: … is primary pigment, live in … and … as well as …, both … and …

A

chlorophyll; water; soil; melting snow; unicellular; multicellular

160
Q

fungus-like protists: like fungi –> …, have .., and reproduce by way of .. (reproductive cells resistant to …)
most are not …

A

heterotrophs; cell walls; spores; harsh environment; motive

161
Q

fungus-like protists:

.. molds and .. molds

A

slime; water

162
Q

fungus-like protists:
slime molds- about 1-2 cm, often … colors
present mainly in …

A

bright; rotting logs

163
Q

fungus-like protists:
water molds: most live in …/…
parasites to …
common problem for …, can cause many .. like in Irish potato famine in 1800s

A

water; moist soil; plants; farmers; diseases

164
Q

fungus-like protists:
YACS (…): used in …, enable large fragments of … to be …, whole …, larger than …, much more … than BAC or plasmid, based on …

A

yeast artifical chromosomes; genetic engineering; DNA; cloned; chromosomes; plasmids; DNA storage; F-plasmid

165
Q

fungus-like protists:
agrobacterium tumefaciens: ground gall, affects …, can be used for genetic engineering, has … plasmid that is genetically engineered to have genes that they want to put back into the … –> can be put directly into the …, rather than putting it back into bacteria

A

plants; ti; plant; plant cell

166
Q

animal like protists: …,

e. g. typanosoma: long … that rotate in propellor like fasion, caused by microscopic parasites of species, transmitted by .. found in rural Africa, can be …
e. g. apicomplexans: paristes that spread through their .., called …, apex of cell contains organelles specialized to transmit thing into …, intracate life cycles with … and … processes, requires … or more .. species, can continaully change … to confuse …

A

heterotrophs; tails; flies; fatal; hosts; sporozoites; tissues; sexual; asexual; 2; host speices; surface proteins; immune system

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