C3, C4, CAM, Photorespiration, Leaf Anatomy Flashcards
if the weather is hot and dry, the stomata …, conserving …This causes the concentration of … to decrease in leaves while … concentration increases
close; water; CO2; O2
When O2 rises in C3 plants, RuBP carboxylase combines it with … instead of …, resulting in the formation of one molecule of … and the eventual release of … –> process is called … because in the presence of …, oxygen is … and … is released
RuBP; CO2; 3PG; CO2; photorespiration; light; taken up; CO2
In a C3 plant, the mesophyll cells contain well-formed … and are arranged in ….
chloroplasts; parallel layers
In C4 leaves, the bundle sheath cells as well as the mesophyll cells contain …. and the mesophyll cells are arranged …. around the …
chloroplasts; concentrically; bundle sheath cells
C4 plants fix CO2 to … using the enzyme ….., resulting in the formation of a 4-C molecule called …
PEP; PEP carboxylase; oxaloacetate
In a C4 plant, CO2 is taken up in … cells, and then …, a reduced form of oxaloacetate, is pumped into …. Here, and only here, does CO2 enter the …
mesophyll cells; malate; bundle-sheath cells; Calvin cycle
in hot, dry climates the net photosynthetic rate of C4 plants, such as …, .., and Bermuda …, is about .. to … times that of C4 plants because they can avoid …
sugarcane; corn; grass; 2; 3; photorespiration
Photorespiration is wasteful because it is not part of the … It does not occur in C4 leaves because …, unlike rubisco, does not combine with … Even when stomata are closed, CO2 is delivered to the Calvin cycle in the … cells
Calvin cycle; PEPCase; O2; bundle-sheath
CAM stands for
crassulacean-acid metabolism
Crassulaceae is a family of flowering … plants that live in .., … regions of the world
succulent; warm, dry
Whereas a C4 plant represents partitioning in …, CAM is partitioning by use of …
space; time
During the .., CAM plants use PEPCase to fix some CO2, forming .. molecules, which are stored in … in … cells
night; C4; large vacuoles; mesophyll
During the day, C4 molecules (…) release CO2 to the .. when NADPH and ATP are available from the …. The primary advantage for this partitioning again has to do with the conservation of …
malate; Calvin cycle; light reactions; water
CAM plants open their stomata only at …., and therefore only at that time does atmospheric … enter the plant.
night; CO2
photosynthesis in a CAM plant is … because a limited amount of … is fixed at night, but it does allow CAM plants to live under stressful conditions
minimal; CO2
organisms are … to their environment
metabolically adapted
C4 plants most likely evolved in, and are adapted to, areas of high …, high …, and limited … but are more sensitive to …
light intensities; temperatures; rainfall
C3 plants do better than C4 plants below … CAM plants compete well with either type fo plant when the environment is extremely …
25 degrees C; arid
CAM is quite … and has evolved in … families of flowering plants
widespread; 23
a leaf usually consists of a … and a … connecting the … to the …
flattened blade; petiole; blade; stem
the blade may be single or composed of several …
leaflets
externally it is possible to see the pattern of the …, whcih contain …
leaf veins; vascular tissue
for a typical eudicot leaf:
at the top and bottom are layers of … tissue that often bear …–protective hairs often modified as … that secrete irritaing substances and help deter … from eating the leaf
epidermal; trichomes; glands; insects
the epidermis characteristically has an outer, … that helps keep the leaf from … and also prevents … because it is not …
waxy cuticle; drying out; gas exchange; gas permeable
The lower epidermis of eudicot and both surfaces of monocot leaves contain … that allow gases to move into and out of the leaf. … also occurs at these but each of them has two … that regulate its … and ….
stomata; water loss; guard cells; opening; closing
the body of a leaf is composed of …. tissue
mesophyll
most eudicot leaves have two distinct regions: … mesophyll, containing … cells, and … mesophyll, containing … cells bounded by …
palisade; elongated; spongy; irregular; air spaces
the parenchyma cells of these layers have many … and carry on most of the photosynthesis for the plant. the loosely packed arrangement of the cells in the spongy layer increases the amount of … for …
chloroplasts; surface area; gas exchange
the blade of a leaf can be … or ….
simple; compound
a simple leaf has a … blade in contrast to a compound leaf, which is divided in various ways into …
single; leaflets
pinnately compound leaves have the leaflets occurring in …., while palmately compound leaves have all of the leaflets attached to a ….
pairs; single point
leaves can be arranged on a stem in three ways: …, …, or …
alternate; opposite; whorled
whorled: several leaves originating from
the same node
plants that grow in shade tend to have …, … laves, and desert plants tend to have … leaves with .. stomata
broad; wide; reduced; sunken
(NJCTL) photosynthesis requires an input of light, CO2, and H2O. In primitive plants, such as mosses and liverworts, as well as photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes, these nutrients can be obtained via
simple diffusion
(NJCTL) As the complexity of plants increased, evolution has favored specific structures and processes to better … these nutrients from the …. These more complex plants possess … for absorbing …, vascular systems for …, and leaves for absorbing … and …
absorb; environment; roots; water; transporting water; photons; carbon dioxide
(NJCTL) plants have a … structure. Plants are made of …, which are made of …, which are made of …
hierarchical; organs; tissues; cells
(NJCTL) two main sections of the plant body: the … and the …
roots; shoots
(NJCTL) the 3 functions of the root system are to:
… the plant
… and … … and ….
store …
anchor; absorb; transport; minerals; water; food
(NJCTL) most absorption occurs through the … which are an outgrowth of … on the root, which increases the … of the root
root hairs; epidermal cells; surface area
(NJCTL) the shoot system consists of the …, …, and … structures
stems; leaves; reproductive
(NJCTL) stems are composed of …, where leaves, flowers, and other stems attach. Space between these is the …
nodes; internodes
(NJCTL) leaves are composed of … and short … that attach at the …
photosynthetic blades; stalks; nodes
(NJCTL) buds are underdeveloped … which have the potential to grow into …, …, …, or …
shoots; nodes; internodes; leaves; reproductive structures
(NJCTL) terminal buds are found at the … of the plant and are responsible for the …
top; growth in height
(NJCTL) axillary (or …) buds are found at each point of … for a … and the … and are responsible for …
lateral; attachment; leaf; stem; growth in width
(NJCTL) The Calvin cycle is an … pathway
anabolic
(NJCTL) root hairs utilize …
diffusion
(NJCTL) Caspian strip–> helps create …, …
diffusion; sequester water
(NJCTL) male reproductive structures for flowers: …, …, …
female reproductive structures for flowers: …, …, …, … (…)
pollen; stamen; anther; pistil; ovaries; stigma; ovule; fruit
(NJCTL) water and minerals absorbed by the root hairs passes into the …
xylem
(NJCTL) The xylem …, the water and … of the xylem, gets transported long distances through the … of the plant and into the …
three factors allow for this bulk movement of water:
…, …, and prevention of …
sap; dissolved nutrients; shoot system; leaves; capillary action; transpiration; backflow
(NJCTL) … of xylem matters for water transport
diameter
(NJCTL) attraction between water molecules is termed … Attraction between a water and a non-water molecule is termed …. …. relies on these properties to pull water up against gravity
cohesion; adhesion; capillary action
(NJCTL) … is the evaporation of water from the leaves, stems, and flowers of plants. Water molecules evaporate via the …- pores in the leaf that can be opened and closed to control the …, as well as the … such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
transpiration; stomata; loss of water; exchange of gases
(NJCTL) transpiration occurs at the … of a leaf for most plants
underside
(NJCTL) some plants have stomata at … such as the water lily because the bottom surface is … and … can’t occur there
upper epidermis; blocked; gas exchange
(NJCTL) guard cells are the cells on either side of the … They work on a simple mechanism that does not require hormonal control. Since the quickest path to plant death is …, they allow the plant to … when water is plentiful but … when water is scarce
stomata pore; water loss; exchange gas; close
(NJCTL) when water is plentiful the guard cells’ … fills, like a balloon, and puts … force on the cell walls. The shape of the cells is such that they push against each other … a pore.
When water is scarce the … loses water and the … is reduced, causing the pore to … and preventing …
central vacuole; turgor; opening; central vacuole; turgor force; close; gas exchange
(NJCTL) the loss of water through transpiration lowers the … of leaf cells, drawing up the plant –> …
water potential; negative pressure
(NJCTL) soil water potential is … if moist, root water potential is … to …, leaf water potential depends on …, and atmospheric water potential is usually …
high; medium to high; transpiration rate; low
(NJCTL) transpiration rate is influenced by .., …, .., .., and …
temperature; humidity; soil; light intensity; wind
(NJCTL) … allows for exchange of gases between plant and atmosphere. … controls exchange of gases between plant and atmosphere
stomata; guard cells
(NJCTL) in addition to water movement, stomata are also responsible for allowing … necessary for photosynthesis to … the leaves and for the release of …
carbon dioxide; enter; excess oxygen
(NJCTL) when the sun shines, … increases as well as …
photosynthesis; heat
(NJCTL) as the sun rays hit the leaf … is used more, so the amount of it in the leaf … as glucose is produced, … is produced and more … is vaporized by the …
CO2; decreases; O2; water; increased temperature
(NJCTL) the concentration changes in the leaf cause .. through the stomata down …
This allows a constant flow of … for continued …, until the plant is … then the stomata must … and end the …
diffusion; concentration gradients; CO2; photosynthesis; low on water; close; exchange
(NJCTL) a plant’s 1st line of defense from the rays of the sun is
waxy cuticle
(NJCTL) plant cells that would have the highest concentration of chloroplasts:
mesophyll cells
.. prevent backflow
Xylem sap flows from .. to …. and there are …–… that prevent backflow
valves; roots; leaves; pits; valves
roots have most … xylem to assist movement of water … into the plant
narrow; upward
