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AP Bio > C3, C4, CAM, Photorespiration, Leaf Anatomy > Flashcards

C3, C4, CAM, Photorespiration, Leaf Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

if the weather is hot and dry, the stomata …, conserving …This causes the concentration of … to decrease in leaves while … concentration increases

A

close; water; CO2; O2

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2
Q

When O2 rises in C3 plants, RuBP carboxylase combines it with … instead of …, resulting in the formation of one molecule of … and the eventual release of … –> process is called … because in the presence of …, oxygen is … and … is released

A

RuBP; CO2; 3PG; CO2; photorespiration; light; taken up; CO2

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3
Q

In a C3 plant, the mesophyll cells contain well-formed … and are arranged in ….

A

chloroplasts; parallel layers

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4
Q

In C4 leaves, the bundle sheath cells as well as the mesophyll cells contain …. and the mesophyll cells are arranged …. around the …

A

chloroplasts; concentrically; bundle sheath cells

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5
Q

C4 plants fix CO2 to … using the enzyme ….., resulting in the formation of a 4-C molecule called …

A

PEP; PEP carboxylase; oxaloacetate

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6
Q

In a C4 plant, CO2 is taken up in … cells, and then …, a reduced form of oxaloacetate, is pumped into …. Here, and only here, does CO2 enter the …

A

mesophyll cells; malate; bundle-sheath cells; Calvin cycle

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7
Q

in hot, dry climates the net photosynthetic rate of C4 plants, such as …, .., and Bermuda …, is about .. to … times that of C4 plants because they can avoid …

A

sugarcane; corn; grass; 2; 3; photorespiration

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8
Q

Photorespiration is wasteful because it is not part of the … It does not occur in C4 leaves because …, unlike rubisco, does not combine with … Even when stomata are closed, CO2 is delivered to the Calvin cycle in the … cells

A

Calvin cycle; PEPCase; O2; bundle-sheath

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9
Q

CAM stands for

A

crassulacean-acid metabolism

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10
Q

Crassulaceae is a family of flowering … plants that live in .., … regions of the world

A

succulent; warm, dry

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11
Q

Whereas a C4 plant represents partitioning in …, CAM is partitioning by use of …

A

space; time

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12
Q

During the .., CAM plants use PEPCase to fix some CO2, forming .. molecules, which are stored in … in … cells

A

night; C4; large vacuoles; mesophyll

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13
Q

During the day, C4 molecules (…) release CO2 to the .. when NADPH and ATP are available from the …. The primary advantage for this partitioning again has to do with the conservation of …

A

malate; Calvin cycle; light reactions; water

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14
Q

CAM plants open their stomata only at …., and therefore only at that time does atmospheric … enter the plant.

A

night; CO2

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15
Q

photosynthesis in a CAM plant is … because a limited amount of … is fixed at night, but it does allow CAM plants to live under stressful conditions

A

minimal; CO2

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16
Q

organisms are … to their environment

A

metabolically adapted

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17
Q

C4 plants most likely evolved in, and are adapted to, areas of high …, high …, and limited … but are more sensitive to …

A

light intensities; temperatures; rainfall

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18
Q

C3 plants do better than C4 plants below … CAM plants compete well with either type fo plant when the environment is extremely …

A

25 degrees C; arid

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19
Q

CAM is quite … and has evolved in … families of flowering plants

A

widespread; 23

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20
Q

a leaf usually consists of a … and a … connecting the … to the …

A

flattened blade; petiole; blade; stem

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21
Q

the blade may be single or composed of several …

A

leaflets

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22
Q

externally it is possible to see the pattern of the …, whcih contain …

A

leaf veins; vascular tissue

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23
Q

for a typical eudicot leaf:
at the top and bottom are layers of … tissue that often bear …–protective hairs often modified as … that secrete irritaing substances and help deter … from eating the leaf

A

epidermal; trichomes; glands; insects

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24
Q

the epidermis characteristically has an outer, … that helps keep the leaf from … and also prevents … because it is not …

A

waxy cuticle; drying out; gas exchange; gas permeable

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25
Q

The lower epidermis of eudicot and both surfaces of monocot leaves contain … that allow gases to move into and out of the leaf. … also occurs at these but each of them has two … that regulate its … and ….

A

stomata; water loss; guard cells; opening; closing

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26
Q

the body of a leaf is composed of …. tissue

A

mesophyll

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27
Q

most eudicot leaves have two distinct regions: … mesophyll, containing … cells, and … mesophyll, containing … cells bounded by …

A

palisade; elongated; spongy; irregular; air spaces

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28
Q

the parenchyma cells of these layers have many … and carry on most of the photosynthesis for the plant. the loosely packed arrangement of the cells in the spongy layer increases the amount of … for …

A

chloroplasts; surface area; gas exchange

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29
Q

the blade of a leaf can be … or ….

A

simple; compound

30
Q

a simple leaf has a … blade in contrast to a compound leaf, which is divided in various ways into …

A

single; leaflets

31
Q

pinnately compound leaves have the leaflets occurring in …., while palmately compound leaves have all of the leaflets attached to a ….

A

pairs; single point

32
Q

leaves can be arranged on a stem in three ways: …, …, or …

A

alternate; opposite; whorled

33
Q

whorled: several leaves originating from

A

the same node

34
Q

plants that grow in shade tend to have …, … laves, and desert plants tend to have … leaves with .. stomata

A

broad; wide; reduced; sunken

35
Q

(NJCTL) photosynthesis requires an input of light, CO2, and H2O. In primitive plants, such as mosses and liverworts, as well as photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes, these nutrients can be obtained via

A

simple diffusion

36
Q

(NJCTL) As the complexity of plants increased, evolution has favored specific structures and processes to better … these nutrients from the …. These more complex plants possess … for absorbing …, vascular systems for …, and leaves for absorbing … and …

A

absorb; environment; roots; water; transporting water; photons; carbon dioxide

37
Q

(NJCTL) plants have a … structure. Plants are made of …, which are made of …, which are made of …

A

hierarchical; organs; tissues; cells

38
Q

(NJCTL) two main sections of the plant body: the … and the …

A

roots; shoots

39
Q

(NJCTL) the 3 functions of the root system are to:
… the plant
… and … … and ….
store …

A

anchor; absorb; transport; minerals; water; food

40
Q

(NJCTL) most absorption occurs through the … which are an outgrowth of … on the root, which increases the … of the root

A

root hairs; epidermal cells; surface area

41
Q

(NJCTL) the shoot system consists of the …, …, and … structures

A

stems; leaves; reproductive

42
Q

(NJCTL) stems are composed of …, where leaves, flowers, and other stems attach. Space between these is the …

A

nodes; internodes

43
Q

(NJCTL) leaves are composed of … and short … that attach at the …

A

photosynthetic blades; stalks; nodes

44
Q

(NJCTL) buds are underdeveloped … which have the potential to grow into …, …, …, or …

A

shoots; nodes; internodes; leaves; reproductive structures

45
Q

(NJCTL) terminal buds are found at the … of the plant and are responsible for the …

A

top; growth in height

46
Q

(NJCTL) axillary (or …) buds are found at each point of … for a … and the … and are responsible for …

A

lateral; attachment; leaf; stem; growth in width

47
Q

(NJCTL) The Calvin cycle is an … pathway

A

anabolic

48
Q

(NJCTL) root hairs utilize …

A

diffusion

49
Q

(NJCTL) Caspian strip–> helps create …, …

A

diffusion; sequester water

50
Q

(NJCTL) male reproductive structures for flowers: …, …, …
female reproductive structures for flowers: …, …, …, … (…)

A

pollen; stamen; anther; pistil; ovaries; stigma; ovule; fruit

51
Q

(NJCTL) water and minerals absorbed by the root hairs passes into the …

A

xylem

52
Q

(NJCTL) The xylem …, the water and … of the xylem, gets transported long distances through the … of the plant and into the …
three factors allow for this bulk movement of water:
…, …, and prevention of …

A

sap; dissolved nutrients; shoot system; leaves; capillary action; transpiration; backflow

53
Q

(NJCTL) … of xylem matters for water transport

A

diameter

54
Q

(NJCTL) attraction between water molecules is termed … Attraction between a water and a non-water molecule is termed …. …. relies on these properties to pull water up against gravity

A

cohesion; adhesion; capillary action

55
Q

(NJCTL) … is the evaporation of water from the leaves, stems, and flowers of plants. Water molecules evaporate via the …- pores in the leaf that can be opened and closed to control the …, as well as the … such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

transpiration; stomata; loss of water; exchange of gases

56
Q

(NJCTL) transpiration occurs at the … of a leaf for most plants

A

underside

57
Q

(NJCTL) some plants have stomata at … such as the water lily because the bottom surface is … and … can’t occur there

A

upper epidermis; blocked; gas exchange

58
Q

(NJCTL) guard cells are the cells on either side of the … They work on a simple mechanism that does not require hormonal control. Since the quickest path to plant death is …, they allow the plant to … when water is plentiful but … when water is scarce

A

stomata pore; water loss; exchange gas; close

59
Q

(NJCTL) when water is plentiful the guard cells’ … fills, like a balloon, and puts … force on the cell walls. The shape of the cells is such that they push against each other … a pore.
When water is scarce the … loses water and the … is reduced, causing the pore to … and preventing …

A

central vacuole; turgor; opening; central vacuole; turgor force; close; gas exchange

60
Q

(NJCTL) the loss of water through transpiration lowers the … of leaf cells, drawing up the plant –> …

A

water potential; negative pressure

61
Q

(NJCTL) soil water potential is … if moist, root water potential is … to …, leaf water potential depends on …, and atmospheric water potential is usually …

A

high; medium to high; transpiration rate; low

62
Q

(NJCTL) transpiration rate is influenced by .., …, .., .., and …

A

temperature; humidity; soil; light intensity; wind

63
Q

(NJCTL) … allows for exchange of gases between plant and atmosphere. … controls exchange of gases between plant and atmosphere

A

stomata; guard cells

64
Q

(NJCTL) in addition to water movement, stomata are also responsible for allowing … necessary for photosynthesis to … the leaves and for the release of …

A

carbon dioxide; enter; excess oxygen

65
Q

(NJCTL) when the sun shines, … increases as well as …

A

photosynthesis; heat

66
Q

(NJCTL) as the sun rays hit the leaf … is used more, so the amount of it in the leaf … as glucose is produced, … is produced and more … is vaporized by the …

A

CO2; decreases; O2; water; increased temperature

67
Q

(NJCTL) the concentration changes in the leaf cause .. through the stomata down …
This allows a constant flow of … for continued …, until the plant is … then the stomata must … and end the …

A

diffusion; concentration gradients; CO2; photosynthesis; low on water; close; exchange

68
Q

(NJCTL) a plant’s 1st line of defense from the rays of the sun is

A

waxy cuticle

69
Q

(NJCTL) plant cells that would have the highest concentration of chloroplasts:

A

mesophyll cells

70
Q

.. prevent backflow

Xylem sap flows from .. to …. and there are …–… that prevent backflow

A

valves; roots; leaves; pits; valves

71
Q

roots have most … xylem to assist movement of water … into the plant

A

narrow; upward

AP Bio (32 decks)

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