Cellular Defenses & Lymphatic System Flashcards
(NJCTL) … are a class of enzymes used by bacteria as weapons against invading …
restriction enzymes; phages
(NJCTL) restriction enzymes look for specific … in pieces of … and … them, thereby destroying the foreign DNA entering the cell
sequences; DNA; cut
(NJCTL) restriction enzymes are now used by scientists to … specific genes on a DNA molecule. DNA mixed with these enzymes are called … because the enzymes break down the fragments of DNA into many smaller pieces.
We must separate the unique pieces of DNA in the … and select the fragment we want
locate; digests; digest
(NJCTL) … is one way to separate DNA fragments based on …
gel electrophoresis; length
(NJCTL) gel electrophoresis
the digest is loaded by pipet into a … that resembles Jello. This is a network of … called …
… pieces of DNA can move through it quicker than the … pieces that get tangled in the fibers
gel; fibers; collagen; small; longer
(NJCTL) gel electrophoresis
DNA has a slightly … charge. An electrical current is passed through the gel and the DNA fragments move to the … charge. … fragments move faster, … fragments are slowed down by the …
negative; positive; small; larger; matrix
(NJCTL) The result of gel electrophoresis is that the small pieces can travel … than the larger ones. The DNA is separated by … in what is known as a ….
farther; size; banding pattern
(NJCTL) Animals have multiple defenses against invaders. These are classified into two categories: … immunity and … immunity
innate; acquired
(NJCTL) Innate immune defenses are … systems, preventing invasion by … pathogens. All animals have some degree of … immunity
generalized; all; innate
(NJCTL) Acquired immune defenses are developed during the animal’s … and respond only to …, those that have been encountered previously. These defenses are only found in ..
lifetime; specific invaders; vertebrates
(NJCTL) innate immunity
the … is a barrier defense with unique adaptation to protect the body
skin
(NJCTL) … crowds the surface of the skin, making it hard for … to find room.
Thick layers of … in the epidermis creates a physical barrier.
symbiotic bacteria; unwelcome bacteria; dead cells
(NJCTL) … secrete waxy substances that pathogenic … have a hard time adhering to. It also has a … of less than … which hurts …
sweat glands; microbes; pH; 6; pathogenic microbes
(NJCTL) The dermis provides … and … between … of the blood stream and the … environment. … and … fill this area.
distance; insulation; major vessels; external; Extracellular fluid; fats
(NJCTL) innate immunity
where contact with the environment is necessary for the animal, skin cannot be used to block foreign contaminants. In these cases, another barrier defense, …, are used to stop … from entering systems.
the mucus membrane; pathogenic microbes
(NJCTL) mucus cells secrete … that are rich in … and … It is a viscous fluid containing … that will breakdown … and … components
products; glycoproteins; water; antiseptic enzymes; bacterial; viral
(NJCTL) innate immunity
in mammals, the mucus serves to protect … cells, … (…) cells, … (…) cells, … cells, and … systems
respiratory; gastrointestinal; digestive; urogenital; vaginal; visual; auditory
(NJCTL) A major function of this mucus is to protect against … agents such as …, …, and … The cells in an average human body produces about a … of mucus per day
infectious; fungi; bacteria; viruses; quart
(NJCTL) innate immunity:
if a foreign invader makes it past the skin and mucous membrane, the body has specialized cells that can … and …
detect; respond
(NJCTL) inflammation:
inflammation is a response triggered by … that enters the skin. A metabolic pathway is initiated by the presence of … under the skin
bacteria; bacteria
(NJCTL) inflammation:
a splinter enters the skin. bacterial cells that were on the splinter enter the … fluid. … cells detect foreign … produced by the bacteria and a … pathway is triggered. The end result is that … is released from the … cell
interstitial; mast; proteins; transduction; histamine; mast
(NJCTL) Histamine acts as another signal molecule that causes the cells of the capillary to .. and …, … cells, and … spill into the area
separate; blood plasma; red blood; phagocytes
(NJCTL) inflammation:
because of the extra volume of … and … the area becomes … and … This is unfavorable conditions for the … and they cannot … or … to new areas
fluid; cells; hot; swells; bacteria; reproduce; spread
(NJCTL) … are cells that eat … cells. They remove the …, … cells stop producing … and the …. is relieved
phagocytes; foreign; bacteria; mast; histamine; inflammation
(NJCTL) specific immunity:
the specific immunity of vertebrates includes two types of response:
… and ….
Both responses are derived from … cells known as …
humoral; cell-mediated; white blood; lymphocytes
(NJCTL) humoral: attacking pathogens in the …, prior to entering a … cell
extracellular matrix; body
(NJCTL) cell-mediated: destroying … cells that have been .. by … or have become …
body; infected; pathogens; cancerous
(NJCTL) All pathogenic invaders have … proteins that induce the release of … because they are recognized as … to the organism being invaded.
antigens; antibodies; foreign
(NJCTL) Antibodies are molecular flags that stick to the … and mark them for … by the immune system.
antigen; destruction
(NJCTL) humoral response:
The … system is responsible for the humoral immune response. This system is a series of … that … and … …, … fluid that has been collected through …, throughout the organism. If an invading microbe makes it past the innate immunity defenses, it will then be in the … and enter the … system.
lymph; vessels; filter; transport lymph; interstitial; lymph capillaries; interstitial fluid; lymph
(NJCTL) humoral response:
inside the lymph nodes of the lymph system, many leukocytes (white blood cells) known as … lay dormant until they are activated by a specific antigen
B cells
(NJCTL) humoral response:
Antibodies, also known as …, bind with the antigen to make the pathogen highly “…” to … and restrict the movement of the pathogen
immunoglobulins; visible; phagocytes
(NJCTL) humoral response:
… is the process by which the humoral response to a specific pathogen is activated.
clonal selection
(NJCTL) humoral response:
Once a specific B cell is activated it remains active for the … of the organism. If the same invader ever enters the organism again it will be immediately … and … This is known as … The second exposure will be quickly handled by the immune system because many … and … are already circulating through the body.
life; tagged; destroyed; immune memory; B cells; antibodies
(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
this response is the last line of defense in the immune system. Once the invading pathogen has infiltrated the cells of the vertebrate, the only way to get rid of the invader is to … the host cell
destroy
(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
the pathogen gains access to the cell by … its … Once inside the cell, the invader begins to … and … the cell’s normal function. The disruption activates special molecules designed to alert the nucleus to a problem. They start a … and a … is produced
penetrating; membrane; replicate; disrupt; transcription pathway; transcription factor
(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
The transcription factor activates a gene that produces a … that will act as a flag to alert … cells that is infected.
This cell is now a .. cell or … presenting cell. A special leukocyte known as a … attaches to the … of the damaged cell
membrane protein; immune system; dendritic; antigen; helper T cell; antigens
(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
the helper T cell activates and releases …, free floating proteins that communicate with other cells of the immune system, into the … fluids
cytokines; surrounding
(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
the cytokines do 2 things. They alert B cells to activate …, and they bring … that inject … into the diseased cell. The diseased cell and its invaders are …
humoral defenses; cytotoxic T cells; hydrolytic enzymes; eliminated
(NJCTL) plant immunity:
bacteria and viruses are as much a threat to the homeostasis of plants as they are to animals. For this reason plants must also protect themselves and be able to fight foreign pathogens. Plants only have generalized defenses against pathogens. They do not have … Much like invertebrates, the evolution of plants came long before … evolution on the tree of life
specific immunity; specific immunity
(NJCTL) barrier defenses: as with animals, the first line of defense against pathogens is the … Plants have varying levels of external defenses that can include …, …, … and others
outer covering; waxy coatings; sticky excretions; thick cuticles
(NJCTL) since plants have slow moving … systems (or no circulation at all), if a pathogen gets past the external covering individual cells are on their own to defend themselves. Upon pathogen attack, … activate receptors in the plant cell, resulting in a … that leads to …
circulation; pathogen-associated molecular patterns; signaling cascade; PAMP-triggered immunity
(NJCTL) plant immunity:
the cell can begin to secrete an … (a protein designed to …) that will fill the … and … from the cell membrane. This will hopefully … or … the pathogen.
antimicrobial agent; disrupt pathogens; cytoplasm; secrete; kill; disable
(NJCTL) plant immunity: the other option is to … via programmed … and release .. that will alert neighboring cells to the problem. This option is typically used when the pathogen has … Alert signal triggers immune response in … cells
kill itself; cell death; signal molecules; breached the cell wall; local
