Cellular Defenses & Lymphatic System

Question 1

(NJCTL) … are a class of enzymes used by bacteria as weapons against invading …

Answer 1

restriction enzymes; phages

Question 2

(NJCTL) restriction enzymes look for specific … in pieces of … and … them, thereby destroying the foreign DNA entering the cell

Answer 2

sequences; DNA; cut

Question 3

(NJCTL) restriction enzymes are now used by scientists to … specific genes on a DNA molecule. DNA mixed with these enzymes are called … because the enzymes break down the fragments of DNA into many smaller pieces.
We must separate the unique pieces of DNA in the … and select the fragment we want

Answer 3

locate; digests; digest

Question 4

(NJCTL) … is one way to separate DNA fragments based on …

Answer 4

gel electrophoresis; length

Question 5

(NJCTL) gel electrophoresis
the digest is loaded by pipet into a … that resembles Jello. This is a network of … called …
… pieces of DNA can move through it quicker than the … pieces that get tangled in the fibers

Answer 5

gel; fibers; collagen; small; longer

Question 6

(NJCTL) gel electrophoresis
DNA has a slightly … charge. An electrical current is passed through the gel and the DNA fragments move to the … charge. … fragments move faster, … fragments are slowed down by the …

Answer 6

negative; positive; small; larger; matrix

Question 7

(NJCTL) The result of gel electrophoresis is that the small pieces can travel … than the larger ones. The DNA is separated by … in what is known as a ….

Answer 7

farther; size; banding pattern

Question 8

(NJCTL) Animals have multiple defenses against invaders. These are classified into two categories: … immunity and … immunity

Answer 8

innate; acquired

Question 9

(NJCTL) Innate immune defenses are … systems, preventing invasion by … pathogens. All animals have some degree of … immunity

Answer 9

generalized; all; innate

Question 10

(NJCTL) Acquired immune defenses are developed during the animal’s … and respond only to …, those that have been encountered previously. These defenses are only found in ..

Answer 10

lifetime; specific invaders; vertebrates

Question 11

(NJCTL) innate immunity

the … is a barrier defense with unique adaptation to protect the body

Answer 11

skin

Question 12

(NJCTL) … crowds the surface of the skin, making it hard for … to find room.
Thick layers of … in the epidermis creates a physical barrier.

Answer 12

symbiotic bacteria; unwelcome bacteria; dead cells

Question 13

(NJCTL) … secrete waxy substances that pathogenic … have a hard time adhering to. It also has a … of less than … which hurts …

Answer 13

sweat glands; microbes; pH; 6; pathogenic microbes

Question 14

(NJCTL) The dermis provides … and … between … of the blood stream and the … environment. … and … fill this area.

Answer 14

distance; insulation; major vessels; external; Extracellular fluid; fats

Question 15

(NJCTL) innate immunity
where contact with the environment is necessary for the animal, skin cannot be used to block foreign contaminants. In these cases, another barrier defense, …, are used to stop … from entering systems.

Answer 15

the mucus membrane; pathogenic microbes

Question 16

(NJCTL) mucus cells secrete … that are rich in … and … It is a viscous fluid containing … that will breakdown … and … components

Answer 16

products; glycoproteins; water; antiseptic enzymes; bacterial; viral

Question 17

(NJCTL) innate immunity

in mammals, the mucus serves to protect … cells, … (…) cells, … (…) cells, … cells, and … systems

Answer 17

respiratory; gastrointestinal; digestive; urogenital; vaginal; visual; auditory

Question 18

(NJCTL) A major function of this mucus is to protect against … agents such as …, …, and … The cells in an average human body produces about a … of mucus per day

Answer 18

infectious; fungi; bacteria; viruses; quart

Question 19

(NJCTL) innate immunity:

if a foreign invader makes it past the skin and mucous membrane, the body has specialized cells that can … and …

Answer 19

detect; respond

Question 20

(NJCTL) inflammation:
inflammation is a response triggered by … that enters the skin. A metabolic pathway is initiated by the presence of … under the skin

Answer 20

bacteria; bacteria

Question 21

(NJCTL) inflammation:
a splinter enters the skin. bacterial cells that were on the splinter enter the … fluid. … cells detect foreign … produced by the bacteria and a … pathway is triggered. The end result is that … is released from the … cell

Answer 21

interstitial; mast; proteins; transduction; histamine; mast

Question 22

(NJCTL) Histamine acts as another signal molecule that causes the cells of the capillary to .. and …, … cells, and … spill into the area

Answer 22

separate; blood plasma; red blood; phagocytes

Question 23

(NJCTL) inflammation:
because of the extra volume of … and … the area becomes … and … This is unfavorable conditions for the … and they cannot … or … to new areas

Answer 23

fluid; cells; hot; swells; bacteria; reproduce; spread

Question 24

(NJCTL) … are cells that eat … cells. They remove the …, … cells stop producing … and the …. is relieved

Answer 24

phagocytes; foreign; bacteria; mast; histamine; inflammation

Question 25

(NJCTL) specific immunity:
the specific immunity of vertebrates includes two types of response:
… and ….
Both responses are derived from … cells known as …

Answer 25

humoral; cell-mediated; white blood; lymphocytes

Question 26

(NJCTL) humoral: attacking pathogens in the …, prior to entering a … cell

Answer 26

extracellular matrix; body

Question 27

(NJCTL) cell-mediated: destroying … cells that have been .. by … or have become …

Answer 27

body; infected; pathogens; cancerous

Question 28

(NJCTL) All pathogenic invaders have … proteins that induce the release of … because they are recognized as … to the organism being invaded.

Answer 28

antigens; antibodies; foreign

Question 29

(NJCTL) Antibodies are molecular flags that stick to the … and mark them for … by the immune system.

Answer 29

antigen; destruction

Question 30

(NJCTL) humoral response:
The … system is responsible for the humoral immune response. This system is a series of … that … and … …, … fluid that has been collected through …, throughout the organism. If an invading microbe makes it past the innate immunity defenses, it will then be in the … and enter the … system.

Answer 30

lymph; vessels; filter; transport lymph; interstitial; lymph capillaries; interstitial fluid; lymph

Question 31

(NJCTL) humoral response:
inside the lymph nodes of the lymph system, many leukocytes (white blood cells) known as … lay dormant until they are activated by a specific antigen

Answer 31

B cells

Question 32

(NJCTL) humoral response:
Antibodies, also known as …, bind with the antigen to make the pathogen highly “…” to … and restrict the movement of the pathogen

Answer 32

immunoglobulins; visible; phagocytes

Question 33

(NJCTL) humoral response:

… is the process by which the humoral response to a specific pathogen is activated.

Answer 33

clonal selection

Question 34

(NJCTL) humoral response:
Once a specific B cell is activated it remains active for the … of the organism. If the same invader ever enters the organism again it will be immediately … and … This is known as … The second exposure will be quickly handled by the immune system because many … and … are already circulating through the body.

Answer 34

life; tagged; destroyed; immune memory; B cells; antibodies

Question 35

(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
this response is the last line of defense in the immune system. Once the invading pathogen has infiltrated the cells of the vertebrate, the only way to get rid of the invader is to … the host cell

Answer 35

destroy

Question 36

(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
the pathogen gains access to the cell by … its … Once inside the cell, the invader begins to … and … the cell’s normal function. The disruption activates special molecules designed to alert the nucleus to a problem. They start a … and a … is produced

Answer 36

penetrating; membrane; replicate; disrupt; transcription pathway; transcription factor

Question 37

(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
The transcription factor activates a gene that produces a … that will act as a flag to alert … cells that is infected.
This cell is now a .. cell or … presenting cell. A special leukocyte known as a … attaches to the … of the damaged cell

Answer 37

membrane protein; immune system; dendritic; antigen; helper T cell; antigens

Question 38

(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
the helper T cell activates and releases …, free floating proteins that communicate with other cells of the immune system, into the … fluids

Answer 38

cytokines; surrounding

Question 39

(NJCTL) cell-mediated response:
the cytokines do 2 things. They alert B cells to activate …, and they bring … that inject … into the diseased cell. The diseased cell and its invaders are …

Answer 39

humoral defenses; cytotoxic T cells; hydrolytic enzymes; eliminated

Question 40

(NJCTL) plant immunity:
bacteria and viruses are as much a threat to the homeostasis of plants as they are to animals. For this reason plants must also protect themselves and be able to fight foreign pathogens. Plants only have generalized defenses against pathogens. They do not have … Much like invertebrates, the evolution of plants came long before … evolution on the tree of life

Answer 40

specific immunity; specific immunity

Question 41

(NJCTL) barrier defenses: as with animals, the first line of defense against pathogens is the … Plants have varying levels of external defenses that can include …, …, … and others

Answer 41

outer covering; waxy coatings; sticky excretions; thick cuticles

Question 42

(NJCTL) since plants have slow moving … systems (or no circulation at all), if a pathogen gets past the external covering individual cells are on their own to defend themselves. Upon pathogen attack, … activate receptors in the plant cell, resulting in a … that leads to …

Answer 42

circulation; pathogen-associated molecular patterns; signaling cascade; PAMP-triggered immunity

Question 43

(NJCTL) plant immunity:
the cell can begin to secrete an … (a protein designed to …) that will fill the … and … from the cell membrane. This will hopefully … or … the pathogen.

Answer 43

antimicrobial agent; disrupt pathogens; cytoplasm; secrete; kill; disable

Question 44

(NJCTL) plant immunity: the other option is to … via programmed … and release .. that will alert neighboring cells to the problem. This option is typically used when the pathogen has … Alert signal triggers immune response in … cells

Answer 44

kill itself; cell death; signal molecules; breached the cell wall; local