class notes for work and energy Flashcards
electromagnetic spectrum revealed because of … and … fields
magnetic; electric
hertz: …, what … is measured in
1/s; frequency
very short wavelengths are more
penetrating
chemiosmosis: … transport of …
passive; H+
valves prevent
backflow
xylem sap flows from … to …
pits: … to prevent …
roots; leaves; valves; backflow
… have most narrow xylem to assist movement of water … into the plant
roots; upward
(C4 plants) two types of photosynthetic cells: … and …
bundle-sheath cells; mesophyll
(C4 plants) bundle-sheath: cells that are arranged in tight … around …
sheaths; leaf veins
(C4 plants) mesophyll: cells between the … and the … that are more … arranged
bundle sheath; leaf surface; loosely
(C4 plants) Calvin cycle occurs only in
bundle-sheath chloroplasts
(C4 plants) CO2 is brought into the … and attached to … there.
mesophyll; organic molecules
(C4 plants) PEP Carboxylase: enzyme that attaches … to …, forming a ..-C product (…)
CO2; PEP; 4; oxaloacetate
(C4 plants) PEPCase has greater affinity for … than rubisco, functions in … that rubisco does not function in (… and …)
CO2; climates; hot; arid
(C4 plants) hot and arid environment causes stomata to be …, such that … concentration within the leaf falls, while … concentration rises
partially closed; CO2; O2
(C4 plants) mesophyll cells export the 4-C molecule to the … cells by way of … These release … in the … cells, which then undergo the ..
bundle-sheath; plasmodesmata; CO2; bundle-sheath; Calvin cycle
(C4 plants) … is regenerated and converted to … in mesophyll cells
pyruvate; PEP
(C4 plants) mesophyll pumps CO2 into the bundle-sheath in sufficient concentrations such that rubisco would bond to … instead of …
CO2; O2
(C4 plants) C4 photosynthesis minimizes … and increases … production, which is why it is advantageous for organisms in hot and arid environments
photorespiration; sugar
(CAM plants) also advantageous for an … environment –> … plants in such environments tend to use this
arid; water-storing
(CAM plants) stomata is open at … and closing during the …, which leads to …, but also prevents entrance of … during the …
night; daytime; water retention; CO2; day
(CAM plants) CO2 is taken in and attached to .. during the … –> crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
organic acids; night
(CAM plants) organic acids made at night are stored in the
mesophyll vacuoles
(CAM plants) In daytime, light reactions allow for the Calvin cycle to proceed, and the CO2 from the organic acids is … and used to produce … in the …
released; carbs; chloroplasts
(CAM plants) C4 and CAM both incorporate CO2 into organic molecules … using it in the Calvin Cycle
In C4 plants, the initial steps are separated …, but in CAM plants all of these processes occur in the ..
before; spatially; mesophyll
(photorespiration) examples of c3 plants
rice, wheat, soybeans
(photorespiration) in hot, dry conditions, the calvin cycle does not provide enough .. due to shortage of …
sugar; CO2
(photorespiration) when CO2 becomes scarce, rubisco adds … to the Calvin cycle instead, forming a … compound that leaves the chloroplast. … and … rearrange and split the compound forming … which is released
oxygen; 2-C; peroxisomes; mitochondria; CO2
(photorespiration) no … or … produced, unlike cellular respiration/photosynthesis, decreases … output
ATP; sugar; photosynthetic
(photorespiration) photorespiration may be a remnant of evolution from a much earlier time, when … was more abundant in the atmosphere. At the time, it was unimportant whether … or … bonded to the active site of rubisco, and so this affinity still remains to some extent
oxygen; O2; CO2;
(photorespiration) photorespiration limits … and drains …% of C fixed by calvin cycle
crop yield; 50
…. is protected by the root cap. root cap cells must constantly be replaced because they get ground off by rough soil particles when the root …
root apical meristem; grows
term stem is associated with … (cells that are not fully …, give rise to more than one type of …
progenitor; developed; cells
primary meristems are in the …, which provides new cells to the …
zone of cell division; zone of elongation
zone of elongation: cells … when they become …
lengthen; specialized
zone of maturation: fully … cells here, … are present in this region
differentiated; root hairs
epidermis: .. layer of the root, … layer of cells
outer; singe
cortex: next to the …, irregularly shaped cells that are loosely packed which then allows … and … to move through it without entering the …
epidermis; water; minerals; cells
cells in cortex contain .., and cortex functions in …
starch granules; food storage
endodermis: single layer of … cells, forms a boundary between the … and inner …, bordered on four sides by a layer of … and … called the …
rectangular; cortex; vascular cylinder; lignin; suberin; Casparian strip
casparian strip prevents passage of water and mineral ions between …, results in only access to vascular cylinder being through the … themselves
adjacent cell walls; endodermal cells
water has higher .. inside the casparian strip to simulate situation in which root has … than outside such that water can continually flow …
concentration; lower concentration; in
pericycle: first layer of cells in the … –> can divide and prompt the development of …/… …
vascular cylinder; branch; lateral; roots
vascular cylinder contains … and …
xylem; phloem
primary root: grows straight …, … root
… –> e.g. carrots, beets, turnips, radishes
down; dominant; taproot
fibrous root system is present in plants that do not have a …, but rather have many … roots growing from the lower nodes on the stem (e.g. grasses)
primary; slender
adventitious roots: emerge above … and develops from the .. (e.g. english ivy)
soil line; shoot system
pneumatophores: root projections that rise above water that allow roots to gain … for …, can be utilized for .. purposes
o2; respiration; parasitic
root nodules: … bacteria live there —> .. relationship, bacteria reduces … for the plant
nitrogen-fixing; symbiotic; nitrogen
meristem:
protoderm: outermost …, develops into the …
ground meristem: produces 2 … (… and …)
procambium: produces first … cells (primary …) and first … cells (primary …)
primary meristem; epidermis; tissues; pith; cortex; xylem; xylem; phloem; phloem
phototropism:
the … of a plant in response to …, either … or … from the light source
orientation; light; toward; away
auxin induces … phototropism (… the light source) due to the elongation of cells in the …
positive; toward; shady region
… phototropism: plant growth that curves … from light
negative; away
… was an evolutionist who recognized that mitochondria appeared to be similar to …
lynn margulis; bacteria
margulis, with a professor, discovered that there was … in chloroplasts. She devloped a theory that .. was a driving factor in …, and identified it as a situation that led to the origin of …
DNA; symbiosis; photosynthesis; organelles
… developed the endosymbiotic theory
lynn margulis
