Chapter 3 Flashcards
four types of organic molecules (…) exist in organisms: …, .., …, and …
biomolecules; carbs; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids
even a simple bacterial cell contains some … organic molecules
5000
because cells are … water, the degree to which an organic molecule interacts with water affects its ..
70-90%; function
isomers are molecules with identical … but different … of their atoms
molecular formulas; arrangements;
isomers have different … and …differently with other molecules
chemical properties; react
carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called biomolecules because certain … are known to be rich in them
rich
cellular enzymes carry out .. reactions to synthesize … in this type of reaction, a … is removed and a covalent bond is made between two atoms of the ..
dehydration reactions; biomolecules; water molecule; monomers
in a dehydration reaction, a … group is removed from one monomer and a .. is removed from the other. this produces …, and because it is leaving the monomers, it is dehydration
hydroxyl; hydrogen; water
.. reactions break down polymers in reverse of dehydration
hydrolysis
a … group from … attaches to one monomer and … attaches to the other
hydroxyl; water; hydrogen
monosaccharides are … with a backbone of .. to … carbon atoms
simple sugars; 3; 7
most monosaccharides or organisms have … carbons (…)
six; hexose
glucose, fructose, and galactose are …, but are … of one another
hexoses; isomers
glucose is found in the … of animals; it is the source of … (…) in nearly all organisms
blood; biochemical energy; atp
ribose and deoxyribose are … carbon sugars (…); they contribute to the backbones of .. and …, respectively
five; pentoses; rna; dna
disaccharides contain two … joined by a … reaction
monosaccharides; dehydration reaction
(disaccharides) maltose is composed of two … molecules; forms in the … of humans during .. digestion
glucose; digestive tract; starch
(disaccharides) sucrose (… sugar) is composed of … and …, it used to … for human consumption
table; glucose; fructose; sweeten food
(disaccharides) lactose is composed of … and … and is found in …
galactose; glucose; milk
polysaccharides are polymers of …. They are not … and do not pass through the … of the cell
monosaccharides; soluble in water; plasma membrane
starch, found in many .., is a … chain of … molecules with relatively few …
plants; straight; glucose; side branches
… and … are the two forms of starch found in plants
amylose; amylopectin
glycogen is a highly … polymer of … with many …. it is the storage form of … in …
branched; glucose; side branches; glucose; animals
cellulose is a polymer of … which forms …, the primary constituent of …
glucose; microfibrils; plant cell walls
cotton is nearly …
pure cellulose
cellulose is … by humans due to the unique bond between glucose molecules
indigestible
grazing animals can digest cellulose due to special … and …
stomachs; bacteria
cellulose is the most …. on earth
abundant organic molecule
chitin is a polymer of … with an … attached to each … molecule
glucose; amino group; glucose
chitin is the primary constituent of the … of … and related animals
exoskeleton; crabs
chitin is not … by humans
digestible
peptidoglycan is a polymer of … and is found in …
glucose derivatives ; bacteria
lipids are varied in
structure
lipids are .. that are … in water because they lack …
hydrocarbons; insoluble; polar groups
fat provides … and … in animals
insulation; energy storage
phospholipids form … and steroids are important …
plasma membranes; cell messengers
waxes have … functions in many organisms
protective
fats and oils contain two molecular units:
glycerol and fatty acids
a fatty acid is a long … chain with a … at one end
hydrocarbon; carboxyl
most fatty acids in cells contain …. to … carbons per molecule
16; 18
saturated fatty acids have no … between their carbon atoms
double bonds
unsaturated fatty acids have … in the carbon chain where there are less than two … per carbon
double bonds; hydrogens
the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids may have chemical groups arranged on the same side (…) or on the opposite side (…). these 2 configurations affect the unsaturated fatty acids …
cis configuration; trans configuration; biological activity
glycerol is a water-soluble compound with
three hydroxyl groups
triglycerides are … joined to … by … reactions
glycerol; 3 fatty acids; dehydration
fats contain … and are … at room temperature
saturated fatty acids; solid
oils contain … and are … at room temperature
unsaturated fatty acids; liquid
animals use … rather than … for … energy storage, … stores more energy
fat; glycogen; long-term; fat
phospholipids are constructed like … expect that the third fatty acid is replaced by a …; this usually bonds to another …
neutral fats; polar phosphate group; organic group
the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids become the
nonpolar tails
phospholipids arrange themselves in a … in .., so the polar heads face toward … and nonpolar tails face toward …, away from …
double layer; water; water molecules; each other; water
double layer property enables phospholipids to form an … or … between 2 solutions (… and … of a cell); the plasma membrane is a …
interface; separation; interior; exterior; phospholipid bilayer
steroids have skeletons of … fused carbon rings and vary according to … these determine the … of the various steroids
4; attached functional groups; biological functions;
cholesterol is a component of an animal cell’s …. and is the precursor of the …
plasma membrane; steroid hormone
waxes are long-chain … bonded to long-chain …
fatty acids; alcohols
waxes have a high …, are …, and resist …
melting pt; waterproof; degradation
waxes form a … covering in plants that retards … in … and …
protective; water loss; leaves; fruits
in animals, waxes maintain … and …, trap … and …, and form the..
animal skin; fur; dust; dirt; honeycomb
metabolic enzymes are proteins that act as … to accelerate chemical reactions …
organic catalysts; within cells
support proteins include …, which makes up hair and nails, and …, which support many of the bodys structures
keratin; collagen fibers;
transport functions include … and … in the plasma membrane, and … that transports oxygen in red blood cells
channel; carrier proteins; hemoglobin
defense functions include … that prevent infection
antibodies
hormones are … proteins that influence the … of cells. for example, insulin regulates … content of blood and within cells
regulatory; metabolism; glucose
motion within cells and by muscle contraction is provided by the proteins .. and …
myosin; actin
peptide bond is a … between two …
covalent bond; amino acids
atoms of a peptide bond share electrons
unevenly
the polarity of the peptide bond permits … between different … in a polypeptide
hydrogen bonding; amino acids
a peptide is
two or more amino acids bonded together
polypeptides are chains of many … joined by … bonds
amino acids; peptide
a protein may contain more than one … chain; it can thus have a very large number of
polypeptide; amino acids
the 3d shape of a protein is critical for its
function
the r group of amino acid cystine ends witha … that serves to connect one chain of amino acids to another by a …
sulfhydryl; disulfide bond
there are … different amino accids commonly found in cells
20
protein shape determines the …of the protein in the organisms; proteins can have up to … levels of structure
function; four
the primary structure is the protein’s own particular sequence of
amino acids
the secondary structure results when a polypeptide … or … in a particular way
coils; folds
in a peptide bond, oxygen is partially …, hydrogen is partially … which allows for … between the C=O of one amino acid and the … of another
negative; positive; hydrogen bonding; N-H
hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid holds the spiral shape of an
alpha helix
pleated beta sheet polypeptides turn back
upon themselves
hydrogen bonding occurs between
extended lengths
fibrous proteins are structural proteins with … and/or … that … to one another
structural proteins; helices; pleated sheets; hydrogen bond
tertiary structure results when proteins are … giving rise to the final … shape of the protein. this is due to interactions among the .. groups of the constituent amino acids
folded; 3d; r-groups
globular proteins tend to ball up into
rounded shapes
strong disulfide linkages maintain the … shape; …, …, and … bonds also contribute
tertiary; hydrogen; ionic; covalent
there are conditions in which the enzyme/protein will lose its natural shape. this is called
denaturation
quaternary structure results when two or more
polypeptides combine
hemoglobin is globular protein with a … structure of four polypeptides; each polypetide has a .., …, and … structure
quaternary; primary; secondary; tertiary
as proteins are synthesized, … help them fold into their correct shapes. these may also correct … of a new protein and prevent them from making incorrect shapes
chaperone proteins; misfolding
certain diseases are likely due to misfolded proteins, called
prions
nucleic acids are polymers of …, stores … in cells
nucleotides; info
DNA stores the … for its own replication and for the … in proteins
genetic code; amino acid sequences
RNA allows for … of the genetic code of DNA into the amino acid sequence of proteins
translation
some nucleotides have independent … in cells
metabolic functions
coenzymes are molecules which facilitate
enzymatic reactions
ATP is a nucleotide used to supply energy for … rreactions and other …-requiring metabolic activities in the cell
synthetic; energy
nucleotides are a molecular complex of three types of molecules: a .., a …, and a… base
phosphate; pentose sugar; nitrogen-contain
in rna, base … occurs instead of base …
uracil; thymine
dna is … whereas rna is ..
double-stranded; single-stranded
complementary base pairing occurs where two strands of dna are held together by … between … and … bases
hydrogen bonds; purine; pyrimidine;
the number of purien bases always … the number of pyrimidine bases
equals
thymine is always paired with …, cytosine always with …
adenine; guanine
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide n which … is composed of … and ..
adenosine; ribose; adenine
triphosphate derives its name from three … attached together and to the …
phosphate groups; ribose
atp is a high-energy molecule because the last two phosphate bonds
release energy when broken
in cell,s the terminal phosphate bond is …, leaing …; energy is … when this occurs
hydrolyzed; adp; released
the energy released from atp breakdown is ued in the … process of the cell
energy-requiring
