Mendelian Genetics

Question 1

(Mendel) law of dominance: one allele

Answer 1

masks another

Question 2

(Mendel) law of segregation: alleles separate during ….

looks at … —> ..

Answer 2

gamete production; one gene; one trait

Question 3

(Mendel) law of independent assortment: during gamete production as well, two alleles …
actually … separate
looks at … traits

Answer 3

separate independently; homologous chromosomes; two

Question 4

(Mendel) phenotype: characteristic that is …, ….

Answer 4

expressed; seen

Question 5

(Mendel) genotype: .., …, or …

Answer 5

heterozygous (Aa); homozygous dominant (AA); homozygous recessive (aa)

Question 6

(Mendel) genetic crosses are performed between organisms that give … –> … (…)
e.g. mice, plants, dogs, pigs, turtles

Answer 6

many offspring; large samples; large number of offspring

Question 7

(Mendel) using pure breeds in … –> … x ….

Answer 7

P generation; AA; aa

Question 8

(Mendel) P in p generation stands for …, but this is also …

Answer 8

parent; purebred

Question 9

(Mendel) … generation –> two of these are then mated, leading to the … generatioon

Answer 9

first filial (F1); F2

Question 10

(Mendel) dominant allele is not equivalent to …

Answer 10

prevalence in population

Question 11

(Mendel) idea of masking is specific to … (not always true–> there are ….–… of the two traits manifesting itself in the phenotype)

Answer 11

Mendel’s studies; intermediate traits; combination

Question 12

(Mendel) Mendel observing … characteristics only –> cherry-picking data

Answer 12

7

Question 13

(Mendel) independent assortment suggested by … ratio for the two traits

Answer 13

9:3:3:1

Question 14

(NJCTL) heredity is the … to offspring from parents. this is the process by which an offspring organism acquires, or becomes likely to have, the … of its parent organisms. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can … and cause some … to evolve. the study of heredity in biology is called …

Answer 14

passing of traits; characteristics; accumulate; species; genetics

Question 15

(NJCTL) two individuals have a genetic relationship If one is the … of the other, or if they share a … In evolutionary theory, species which share an evolutionary ancestor are said to be of …
The gene pool of the chimp and bonobo share 99.6% of the same genes. 98.7% of human genes are common with the bonobo

Answer 15

ancestor; common ancestor; common descent

Question 16

(NJCTL) … is the molecule that is used to store information. … are the basic unit of heredity. a … is defined as a discrete package of genes that is used to transfer information. the … is where genes are kept in eukaryotic organisms

Answer 16

DNA; genes; chromosome; nucleus

Question 17

(NJCTL) reproduction is a requirement for … The 2 methods of reproduction that are most frequently used:
1) Asexual … in prokaryotes –> This method is simple but produces …
2) … in multicellular eukaryotes –> This method is highly complex, requiring massive amounts of … The trade off is more …
Single celled eukaryotes can take advantage of … to produce offspring …

Answer 17

heredity; binary fission; minimal variation; sexual reproduction; energy; variation; asexual mitosis; daughter cells

Question 18

(NJCTL) filial means

Answer 18

brotherly

Question 19

(NJCTL) Mendel’s first hypothesis:

there are alternative forms of genes that account for … in inherited characteristics –> …

Answer 19

variations; alleles

Question 20

(NJCTL) Mendel’s second hypothesis:
for each characteristic, an organism inherits … (one from each parent). These may be the same or they may be different.
Technically the offspring is inheriting … for many different … contained on a …. Each gamete contributes a full set of haploid chromatids containing one allele for every possible trait.

Answer 20

two alleles; a group of alleles; traits; chromosome;

Question 21

(NJCTL) Mendel’s third hypothesis: If the two alleles of a pair are different (…), one determines the appearance and is called the … allele

Answer 21

heterozygous; dominant

Question 22

(NJCTL) We now understand that “dominant” allele does NOT … the “recessive” allele. It simply … the phenotype of the recessive. Both alleles are … in the diploid offspring. This often leads to … that are a combination of …

Answer 22

overcome; masks; active; masking; allele variants

Question 23

(NJCTL) Mendel’s fourth hypothesis:
A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each trait because allele pairs … from each other during …
In meiosis, a complex shuffling of chromosomes and the production of 4 genetically unique sex cells from one diploid cell leads to massive amounts of possible variations. This leads to a practically infinite number of trait combination and a healthier population.

Answer 23

separate; sex cell formation

Question 24

(NJCTL) When Mendel chose his pea plant traits he did so very carefully. In fact, sometimes he would not et the desired results and … –> … data

Answer 24

omit them from his studies; cherry-picking

Question 25

(NJCTL) The Law of Segregation is based on Mendel’s … (… trait) crosses. (up to .. boxes in Punnett square)

Answer 25

monohybrid; single; 4

Question 26

(NJCTL) To understand Mendel’s second law, the law of independent assortment, he had to look at … traits simultaneously, a … cross (up to … boxes in Punnett square)

Answer 26

2; dihybrid; 16

Question 27

(NJCTL) The Law of Independent Assortment states that separate genes for separate traits are passed … from parents to offspring.
The biological selection of one gene’s allele pair for a particular trait has … with the selection of any other genes for any other trait.

Answer 27

independently; nothing to do

Question 28

(NJCTL) If you discover observed results fit closely with the expected result for independent assortment, then you should conclude that the genes are … Otherwise, the genes are … and their inheritance is not …

Answer 28

unlinked; linked; independent