Mendelian Genetics Flashcards
(Mendel) law of dominance: one allele
masks another
(Mendel) law of segregation: alleles separate during ….
looks at … —> ..
gamete production; one gene; one trait
(Mendel) law of independent assortment: during gamete production as well, two alleles …
actually … separate
looks at … traits
separate independently; homologous chromosomes; two
(Mendel) phenotype: characteristic that is …, ….
expressed; seen
(Mendel) genotype: .., …, or …
heterozygous (Aa); homozygous dominant (AA); homozygous recessive (aa)
(Mendel) genetic crosses are performed between organisms that give … –> … (…)
e.g. mice, plants, dogs, pigs, turtles
many offspring; large samples; large number of offspring
(Mendel) using pure breeds in … –> … x ….
P generation; AA; aa
(Mendel) P in p generation stands for …, but this is also …
parent; purebred
(Mendel) … generation –> two of these are then mated, leading to the … generatioon
first filial (F1); F2
(Mendel) dominant allele is not equivalent to …
prevalence in population
(Mendel) idea of masking is specific to … (not always true–> there are ….–… of the two traits manifesting itself in the phenotype)
Mendel’s studies; intermediate traits; combination
(Mendel) Mendel observing … characteristics only –> cherry-picking data
7
(Mendel) independent assortment suggested by … ratio for the two traits
9:3:3:1
(NJCTL) heredity is the … to offspring from parents. this is the process by which an offspring organism acquires, or becomes likely to have, the … of its parent organisms. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can … and cause some … to evolve. the study of heredity in biology is called …
passing of traits; characteristics; accumulate; species; genetics
(NJCTL) two individuals have a genetic relationship If one is the … of the other, or if they share a … In evolutionary theory, species which share an evolutionary ancestor are said to be of …
The gene pool of the chimp and bonobo share 99.6% of the same genes. 98.7% of human genes are common with the bonobo
ancestor; common ancestor; common descent
(NJCTL) … is the molecule that is used to store information. … are the basic unit of heredity. a … is defined as a discrete package of genes that is used to transfer information. the … is where genes are kept in eukaryotic organisms
DNA; genes; chromosome; nucleus
(NJCTL) reproduction is a requirement for … The 2 methods of reproduction that are most frequently used:
1) Asexual … in prokaryotes –> This method is simple but produces …
2) … in multicellular eukaryotes –> This method is highly complex, requiring massive amounts of … The trade off is more …
Single celled eukaryotes can take advantage of … to produce offspring …
heredity; binary fission; minimal variation; sexual reproduction; energy; variation; asexual mitosis; daughter cells
(NJCTL) filial means
brotherly
(NJCTL) Mendel’s first hypothesis:
there are alternative forms of genes that account for … in inherited characteristics –> …
variations; alleles
(NJCTL) Mendel’s second hypothesis:
for each characteristic, an organism inherits … (one from each parent). These may be the same or they may be different.
Technically the offspring is inheriting … for many different … contained on a …. Each gamete contributes a full set of haploid chromatids containing one allele for every possible trait.
two alleles; a group of alleles; traits; chromosome;
(NJCTL) Mendel’s third hypothesis: If the two alleles of a pair are different (…), one determines the appearance and is called the … allele
heterozygous; dominant
(NJCTL) We now understand that “dominant” allele does NOT … the “recessive” allele. It simply … the phenotype of the recessive. Both alleles are … in the diploid offspring. This often leads to … that are a combination of …
overcome; masks; active; masking; allele variants
(NJCTL) Mendel’s fourth hypothesis:
A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each trait because allele pairs … from each other during …
In meiosis, a complex shuffling of chromosomes and the production of 4 genetically unique sex cells from one diploid cell leads to massive amounts of possible variations. This leads to a practically infinite number of trait combination and a healthier population.
separate; sex cell formation
(NJCTL) When Mendel chose his pea plant traits he did so very carefully. In fact, sometimes he would not et the desired results and … –> … data
omit them from his studies; cherry-picking
(NJCTL) The Law of Segregation is based on Mendel’s … (… trait) crosses. (up to .. boxes in Punnett square)
monohybrid; single; 4
(NJCTL) To understand Mendel’s second law, the law of independent assortment, he had to look at … traits simultaneously, a … cross (up to … boxes in Punnett square)
2; dihybrid; 16
(NJCTL) The Law of Independent Assortment states that separate genes for separate traits are passed … from parents to offspring.
The biological selection of one gene’s allele pair for a particular trait has … with the selection of any other genes for any other trait.
independently; nothing to do
(NJCTL) If you discover observed results fit closely with the expected result for independent assortment, then you should conclude that the genes are … Otherwise, the genes are … and their inheritance is not …
unlinked; linked; independent
