Cell Cycle class notes Flashcards
cyclins: proteins made by the cell, for the cell
doesn’t use .. system
moderates the ..
.. dependent
regulates passage of … stages: … bind with cyclins to pass between cell cycle stages
monitoring progression through cell cycle
endomembrane; cell cycle; concentration; cell cycle; cyclin dependent kinases
steps of cell cycle:
G1, G2, S –> …
M phase –> … and …
interphase; mitosis; cytokinesis
multinucleated … cells –> undergo mitosis, but this is not followed by …
these only undergo ..
more … solves the problem of …, because it provides more … that the enlarging of the cell is diminishing. as such .. are more …
muscle; cytokinesis; mitosis; nuclei; surface area to volume ratio; surface area; larger muscle cells; efficient
examples of cells that don’t undergo division: ..
these go into … –> no .., they don’t even go into …
neurons; G0; division; interphase
… arm of chromosome has more strain during crossing over–> the genes on this arm are more likely to … in the offspring –> …/ … genes
short; appear together; linkage; linked
… between genes is a factor in crossing over
… involved in crossing over
location; homologous pairs
cancer treatments:
chemotherapy: involves ../…, etc to deliver … that target .. –> downside is that it targets … (whcih effects …) as well as .. cells, and .. of … system
IV; stent; chemicals; dividing cells; skin cells; hair; blood; lining; digestive
cancer treatments:
radiation: focusing a … of a .. towards … to … them
can lead to …
beam; radioactive substance; rapidly dividing cells; kill; radiation sickness
cancer treatments:
targeting … and .. to restore their proper function/ .. them depending on what the target is (… therapy, e.g. …)
ras; p53; disable; target; Gleevec
G1: cells … and synthesize .. needed for …, regular .. function
grow; proteins; DNA replication; metabolic
S: major function is .., using enzymes to … After this phase, each chromosome has …
DNA replication; copy the DNA; 2 chromatids
G2: another period of .., more … are made, … grow and divide, cells continue their …
growth; proteins; organelles; normal function
(mitosis) prophase: chromosomes …, … forms at edges of cells (made up of …)
condense; mitotic spindle; microtubules
(mitosis) prometaphase: … is broken down, chromosomes beginning to …, …
nuclear envelope; line up; spindles attaching
(mitosis) metaphase: …
chromosomes line up
(mitosis) anaphase:
sister chromatids separate
(mitosis) telophase: … reforms, two … present with individual … in them
nuclear envelope; nuclear envelopes; chromatids
(mitosis) cytokinesis: division of
cytoplasm
kinetochore: complex of .. associated with .. during cell division, this is where … of … attach
… produces the spindls
kinetochore .. of the spindle
proteins; centromere; microtubules; spindle; centrosome; shortens length
proto-oncogene examples: …, …
ras; EGFR
… cells undergo mitosis. … undergo meiosis
somatic; sex
meiosis I: … separating, … occurs
meiosis II: … separating, relates more closely to …, … occurs
homologues; interkinesis; sister chromatids; mitosis; cytokinesis
chiamsa: where homologous pairs … and where … occurs
link together; crossing over
differentiation: difference in … from ..
gene expression; precursor cell
cyclins are an … regulation of the cell cycle
internal
after the embryonic stage, (… days within humans), the cells can no longer … into alll … …, not …, occurs after this stage
4; differentiate; types of cells; growth; differentiation
no differentiation of cells occurs during
fetal development
parthenogenesis: female produces egg that develops without being ., always …, occurs in … (e.g. komodo dragons) and …
fertilized; haploid; lizards; male bees
external fertiliztion: eggs are … by females nd . outside, occurs in
shed; fertilized; fish
spawning: return to … to have more …
breeding ground; babies
amphibians have … fertilization, females lay …
internal; fertilized egg
internal fertilization is evolutionary adaptation for …, less .. are produced
drier environment; gametes
external gestation entails
laying eggs
GnRH binds to receptors on ovaries/testes to release …/…
estrogen; testosterone
ectopic pregnancy: embryo grows/implants in
fallopian tubes
(oogenesis) within womb, a fetus starts to develop .., which are just starting … –> … occurs, arrested in … until puberty
primary oocytes; meiosis I; crossing over; prophase I
(oogenesis) in puberty, primary oocytes finish … to form … … are also formed –> have nuclei that get …
meiosis I; secondary oocytes; polar bodies; extruded
(oogenesis) menstrual cycle: follicle provides … to secondary oocytes (days 1-6) which enter … FSH causes follicle to … (days 6-13). The follicle then …. as part of ovulation (day 14). Goes to … and follicle forms the .., which is signaled to release … to build up … in … (day 14)
nutrients; interkinesis; grow; releases the oocyte; ovulation; fallopian tubes; corpus luteum; LH; blood supply; uterus walls
(oogenesis) ovulation: .. spike –> follicle is …
LH; rupturing
(oogenesis) luteal phase (days 15-28): … thicken, … levels increase, as it is preparing for …
in pregnancy, the levels stay high
without fertiliztion, ..
meiosis iI occurs only after …
endometrial walls of uterus; progesterone; implantation; wall and oocyte shed; fertilization
moss has … sperm: needs .. environment
flagellated; moist
zona pelusida: egg takes some of the … with it when it ruptures
sperm has to penetrate through this and then the .. layer
this is the …
tip of sperm head: …
follicle; vitelline layer; jelly coat; acrosome
acrosome releases ..to penetrate zona pelusida
hydrolytic enzymes
… will fertilize the egg
fastest sperm
perivitelline space: creates …-like seal so that no more sperm can …
prevents … from forming
cement; penetrate; multinucleated egg
fertilization occurs in
fallopian tubes
ectoderm: … layer; brain, skin, nerves
outer
mesoderm: .. layer; blood, muscles, bones, hearts, parts of digestive system
middle
endoderm: .. layer; lungs, digestive system, alimentary canal
innermost
cleavage: name of process of .. wthout …
division; growth
zygote –> … –> …
morula; blastocyst
blastocst: … ball that includes …
hollow; inner cell mass
blastocyst comes out and then has to penetrate the … (…) .. then occurs
uterine lining; endometrium; gastrulation
cells of the morula are .. stem cells– can form … cell, as well as the …
totipotent; any other; placenta
a blastula is ..– can give rise to … cells, already have a …
cannot produce …
… in blastocyst matters
pluripotent; most other; destination; placenta; location
within 13 days of conception, the cells can only produce a particular kind of line–> specified … (e.g. liver precursor stem cells will only produce liver cells)
… stem cells ppresent at gastrulation’s end (can only produce)
stem capabilities; multipotent; a few cells
fetus has
multipotency
testes start by … and then … throug front –> loosens … (… is common in men)
heart; descend; abdominal lining; hernia
if testes dont descend it can lead to
infertility
precursor cells called …
for males: …
gonium; spermatogonia
penis is …, fills with …which is what leads to an …
spongy; blood; erection
spermatogonia –> primary … (undergoes meiosis I) –> secondary … (meiosis II) –> … (before …) –> …
spermatocyte;spermatocyte; spermatid; ejaculation; sperm
gonadotropins: … and …
have an effect on …
released by …
FSH; LH; gonads; anterior pituitary
paracrine gland: releases … and …
estrogen; progesterone
corpus luteum starts as the …, which degenerates into this structure
releases .. and … –thickens the … (i.e. the ..– a … membrane), preparing for implantation
follicle; estrogen; progesterone; endometrium; uterine wall; mucous
before placenta is formed, the embryo takes its nutreints from teh mother’s …
uterine lining
estrogen: develops … for females, kind of opposite of progesterone, there for development of .., acts directlyon the …
secondary sex characteristics; egg; egg
sperm meets
secondary oocyte
ova =
egg
FSh promotes the development of the follicle during the first phase of the ovarian cycle. the follicle then grows and secretes … which leads to … control of the FSH. estrogen levels build and the hypothalamus is then stimulated to secrete .., leading to … and …. LH also promotes the development of the … which produces progesterone as well as estrogen
estrogen; negative feedback; GnRH; LH; FSH; corpus luteum
flies lay eggs (…) as they’re …
much more RNA at the … of her laying and lower concentration when she …
fertilized eggs; walking; start; finishes laying
RNAs in eggs act as … that allow ffor the formation of the anterior (… end) and the posterior (.. end)
transcription factors; head; tail
