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AP Bio > Cell Cycle class notes > Flashcards

Cell Cycle class notes Flashcards

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1
Q

cyclins: proteins made by the cell, for the cell
doesn’t use .. system
moderates the ..
.. dependent
regulates passage of … stages: … bind with cyclins to pass between cell cycle stages
monitoring progression through cell cycle

A

endomembrane; cell cycle; concentration; cell cycle; cyclin dependent kinases

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2
Q

steps of cell cycle:
G1, G2, S –> …
M phase –> … and …

A

interphase; mitosis; cytokinesis

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3
Q

multinucleated … cells –> undergo mitosis, but this is not followed by …
these only undergo ..
more … solves the problem of …, because it provides more … that the enlarging of the cell is diminishing. as such .. are more …

A

muscle; cytokinesis; mitosis; nuclei; surface area to volume ratio; surface area; larger muscle cells; efficient

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4
Q

examples of cells that don’t undergo division: ..

these go into … –> no .., they don’t even go into …

A

neurons; G0; division; interphase

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5
Q

… arm of chromosome has more strain during crossing over–> the genes on this arm are more likely to … in the offspring –> …/ … genes

A

short; appear together; linkage; linked

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6
Q

… between genes is a factor in crossing over

… involved in crossing over

A

location; homologous pairs

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7
Q

cancer treatments:
chemotherapy: involves ../…, etc to deliver … that target .. –> downside is that it targets … (whcih effects …) as well as .. cells, and .. of … system

A

IV; stent; chemicals; dividing cells; skin cells; hair; blood; lining; digestive

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8
Q

cancer treatments:
radiation: focusing a … of a .. towards … to … them
can lead to …

A

beam; radioactive substance; rapidly dividing cells; kill; radiation sickness

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9
Q

cancer treatments:

targeting … and .. to restore their proper function/ .. them depending on what the target is (… therapy, e.g. …)

A

ras; p53; disable; target; Gleevec

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10
Q

G1: cells … and synthesize .. needed for …, regular .. function

A

grow; proteins; DNA replication; metabolic

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11
Q

S: major function is .., using enzymes to … After this phase, each chromosome has …

A

DNA replication; copy the DNA; 2 chromatids

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12
Q

G2: another period of .., more … are made, … grow and divide, cells continue their …

A

growth; proteins; organelles; normal function

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13
Q

(mitosis) prophase: chromosomes …, … forms at edges of cells (made up of …)

A

condense; mitotic spindle; microtubules

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14
Q

(mitosis) prometaphase: … is broken down, chromosomes beginning to …, …

A

nuclear envelope; line up; spindles attaching

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15
Q

(mitosis) metaphase: …

A

chromosomes line up

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16
Q

(mitosis) anaphase:

A

sister chromatids separate

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17
Q

(mitosis) telophase: … reforms, two … present with individual … in them

A

nuclear envelope; nuclear envelopes; chromatids

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18
Q

(mitosis) cytokinesis: division of

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

kinetochore: complex of .. associated with .. during cell division, this is where … of … attach
… produces the spindls
kinetochore .. of the spindle

A

proteins; centromere; microtubules; spindle; centrosome; shortens length

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20
Q

proto-oncogene examples: …, …

A

ras; EGFR

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21
Q

… cells undergo mitosis. … undergo meiosis

A

somatic; sex

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22
Q

meiosis I: … separating, … occurs

meiosis II: … separating, relates more closely to …, … occurs

A

homologues; interkinesis; sister chromatids; mitosis; cytokinesis

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23
Q

chiamsa: where homologous pairs … and where … occurs

A

link together; crossing over

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24
Q

differentiation: difference in … from ..

A

gene expression; precursor cell

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25
Q

cyclins are an … regulation of the cell cycle

A

internal

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26
Q

after the embryonic stage, (… days within humans), the cells can no longer … into alll … …, not …, occurs after this stage

A

4; differentiate; types of cells; growth; differentiation

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27
Q

no differentiation of cells occurs during

A

fetal development

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28
Q

parthenogenesis: female produces egg that develops without being ., always …, occurs in … (e.g. komodo dragons) and …

A

fertilized; haploid; lizards; male bees

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29
Q

external fertiliztion: eggs are … by females nd . outside, occurs in

A

shed; fertilized; fish

30
Q

spawning: return to … to have more …

A

breeding ground; babies

31
Q

amphibians have … fertilization, females lay …

A

internal; fertilized egg

32
Q

internal fertilization is evolutionary adaptation for …, less .. are produced

A

drier environment; gametes

33
Q

external gestation entails

A

laying eggs

34
Q

GnRH binds to receptors on ovaries/testes to release …/…

A

estrogen; testosterone

35
Q

ectopic pregnancy: embryo grows/implants in

A

fallopian tubes

36
Q

(oogenesis) within womb, a fetus starts to develop .., which are just starting … –> … occurs, arrested in … until puberty

A

primary oocytes; meiosis I; crossing over; prophase I

37
Q

(oogenesis) in puberty, primary oocytes finish … to form … … are also formed –> have nuclei that get …

A

meiosis I; secondary oocytes; polar bodies; extruded

38
Q

(oogenesis) menstrual cycle: follicle provides … to secondary oocytes (days 1-6) which enter … FSH causes follicle to … (days 6-13). The follicle then …. as part of ovulation (day 14). Goes to … and follicle forms the .., which is signaled to release … to build up … in … (day 14)

A

nutrients; interkinesis; grow; releases the oocyte; ovulation; fallopian tubes; corpus luteum; LH; blood supply; uterus walls

39
Q

(oogenesis) ovulation: .. spike –> follicle is …

A

LH; rupturing

40
Q

(oogenesis) luteal phase (days 15-28): … thicken, … levels increase, as it is preparing for …
in pregnancy, the levels stay high
without fertiliztion, ..
meiosis iI occurs only after …

A

endometrial walls of uterus; progesterone; implantation; wall and oocyte shed; fertilization

41
Q

moss has … sperm: needs .. environment

A

flagellated; moist

42
Q

zona pelusida: egg takes some of the … with it when it ruptures
sperm has to penetrate through this and then the .. layer
this is the …
tip of sperm head: …

A

follicle; vitelline layer; jelly coat; acrosome

43
Q

acrosome releases ..to penetrate zona pelusida

A

hydrolytic enzymes

44
Q

… will fertilize the egg

A

fastest sperm

45
Q

perivitelline space: creates …-like seal so that no more sperm can …
prevents … from forming

A

cement; penetrate; multinucleated egg

46
Q

fertilization occurs in

A

fallopian tubes

47
Q

ectoderm: … layer; brain, skin, nerves

A

outer

48
Q

mesoderm: .. layer; blood, muscles, bones, hearts, parts of digestive system

A

middle

49
Q

endoderm: .. layer; lungs, digestive system, alimentary canal

A

innermost

50
Q

cleavage: name of process of .. wthout …

A

division; growth

51
Q

zygote –> … –> …

A

morula; blastocyst

52
Q

blastocst: … ball that includes …

A

hollow; inner cell mass

53
Q

blastocyst comes out and then has to penetrate the … (…) .. then occurs

A

uterine lining; endometrium; gastrulation

54
Q

cells of the morula are .. stem cells– can form … cell, as well as the …

A

totipotent; any other; placenta

55
Q

a blastula is ..– can give rise to … cells, already have a …
cannot produce …
… in blastocyst matters

A

pluripotent; most other; destination; placenta; location

56
Q

within 13 days of conception, the cells can only produce a particular kind of line–> specified … (e.g. liver precursor stem cells will only produce liver cells)
… stem cells ppresent at gastrulation’s end (can only produce)

A

stem capabilities; multipotent; a few cells

57
Q

fetus has

A

multipotency

58
Q

testes start by … and then … throug front –> loosens … (… is common in men)

A

heart; descend; abdominal lining; hernia

59
Q

if testes dont descend it can lead to

A

infertility

60
Q

precursor cells called …

for males: …

A

gonium; spermatogonia

61
Q

penis is …, fills with …which is what leads to an …

A

spongy; blood; erection

62
Q

spermatogonia –> primary … (undergoes meiosis I) –> secondary … (meiosis II) –> … (before …) –> …

A

spermatocyte;spermatocyte; spermatid; ejaculation; sperm

63
Q

gonadotropins: … and …
have an effect on …
released by …

A

FSH; LH; gonads; anterior pituitary

64
Q

paracrine gland: releases … and …

A

estrogen; progesterone

65
Q

corpus luteum starts as the …, which degenerates into this structure
releases .. and … –thickens the … (i.e. the ..– a … membrane), preparing for implantation

A

follicle; estrogen; progesterone; endometrium; uterine wall; mucous

66
Q

before placenta is formed, the embryo takes its nutreints from teh mother’s …

A

uterine lining

67
Q

estrogen: develops … for females, kind of opposite of progesterone, there for development of .., acts directlyon the …

A

secondary sex characteristics; egg; egg

68
Q

sperm meets

A

secondary oocyte

69
Q

ova =

A

egg

70
Q

FSh promotes the development of the follicle during the first phase of the ovarian cycle. the follicle then grows and secretes … which leads to … control of the FSH. estrogen levels build and the hypothalamus is then stimulated to secrete .., leading to … and …. LH also promotes the development of the … which produces progesterone as well as estrogen

A

estrogen; negative feedback; GnRH; LH; FSH; corpus luteum

71
Q

flies lay eggs (…) as they’re …

much more RNA at the … of her laying and lower concentration when she …

A

fertilized eggs; walking; start; finishes laying

72
Q

RNAs in eggs act as … that allow ffor the formation of the anterior (… end) and the posterior (.. end)

A

transcription factors; head; tail

AP Bio (32 decks)

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