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AP Bio > Rest of NJCTL Notes for Work and Energy > Flashcards

Rest of NJCTL Notes for Work and Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

the energy of life begins as …, created by …, traveling out of the sun at the speed of light

A

photons; nuclear fusion

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2
Q

electromagnetic radiation is composed of an oscillating wave of … and … fields which travel through space

A

magnetic; electric

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3
Q

The distance between the crests of the waves determines the …, and the number of crests per unit time determines the …

A

wavelength; frequency

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4
Q

wavelength =

A

speed of wave/frequency

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5
Q

the wavelength and frequency of the electromagnetic radiation in a photon determines the … in that photon
short wavelength = … frequency = … energy
long wavelength = … frequency = … energy

A

energy; high; high; low; low

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6
Q

when the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is between … and … nm, it can be detected by the human eye and is called …

A

400; 700; visible light

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7
Q

visible light is only a small portion of the entire

A

light spectrum

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8
Q

light that we see is because the object is … some light waves while … others. White light contains …

A

absorbing; reflecting; all color wavelengths

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9
Q

pigments are substances that have the ability to … we perceive their color as the … that they are not able to absorb

A

absorb light; wavelengths

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10
Q

when electromagnetic radiation is absorbed, the energy contained in the photon is transferred to an … which allows it to become …

A

electron; excited

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11
Q

Excitation means that the electron moves from a … (…) to a …

A

low energy level; ground state; higher energy level

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12
Q

has to absorb energy … than color transmitted

A

higher

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13
Q

ATP is the currency of … in living systems. It stores the energy gained in … reactions to power … reactions at a later time and provides the … for the processes of life

A

energy; exergonic; endergonic; energy

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14
Q

ATP includes three … each of which has an ionic charge of …

A

phosphate groups; -3e

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15
Q

The phosphate groups in ATP … each other, since they each have a negative charge. Thus, it requires … to add the second phosphate group –> to go from … to …
To add the third group, to go from … to … requires even more since it is repelled by both of the other phosphate groups

A

repel; work; AMP; ADP; ADP; ATP

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16
Q

the energy from the work needed to bring each phosphate group to the molecule is stored in that … When it is broken to go from ATP to ADP, significant … is released. Going from ADP to AMP releases …, since there is … total … in ADP than ATP

A

phosphate bond; energy; less energy; less; charge

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17
Q

In living systems, the energy from the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive an … (…, …)
this is known as

A

endergonic reaction; anabolism; dehydration synthesis; coupling

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18
Q

ATP drives endergonic reactions by …, transferring a … to some other molecule, such as a reactant. The recipient molecule is now …

A

phosphorylation; phosphate group; phosphorylated

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19
Q

The three types of cellular work are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP: …., …, …

A

mechanical; transport; chemical

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20
Q

mechanical: …., differs from transport, as transport uses …

A

moving parts; membranes

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21
Q

ATP is a … resource that is regenerated by addition of a … to …

A

renewable; phosphate group; ADP

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22
Q

the energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from … in the cell. Each cell is converting millions of ATP to ADP and back again each second –> ATP is …

A

catabolic reactions; transient

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23
Q

photosystems are utilized for …, and are embedded in the membranes. They are therefore a type of … The membrane is required to establish the … for the synthesis of …

A

transport; transport protein; proton gradient; ATP

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24
Q

the first step in the process is when sunlight … in the pigment of the system

A

excites the electrons

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25
Q

electrons that reach sufficient energy levels are …from one part of the system to another

A

transferred

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26
Q

the … force is used to transfer … ions from the environment to the interior of the membrane. As time passes, a … is formed. This is known as …, the charge difference can be used to power a system

A

motive; H+; concentration gradient; membrane potential

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27
Q

In another location of the same membrane is a protein known as ATP synthesis, which takes advantage of the … produced and generates … –> … movement (…)

A

gradient; ATP; mechanical; turbine

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28
Q

Natural diffusion takes over and H+ travels back through the ATP synthase. The … of the H+ spins the ATP synthase and it acts as a turbine. ATP is produced … membrane, but there is a …, so it isn’t lost–> must be a way for prokaryotes to bring it back in–> wasting energy

A

motive force; outside; cell wall

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29
Q

the energy captured is used to …, a molecule that can be used to do work, power reactions, etc.

A

work

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30
Q

ATP is a good molecule for management of energy but cannot be used for … of energy because its reactivity makes it … quickly. So ATP producing organisms can only survive when … is available, or if they .. their environment with ATP
would remain … if sunlight is not available

A

storage; break down; sunlight; flood; dormant

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31
Q

(evolution) energy storage- .. is produced by cells taking advantage of … and .., which is a … source. this marks the beginning of … and … on Earth

A

glucose; ATP; CO2; carbon; sugar; carbs

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32
Q

person who developed endosymbiosis theory

A

Lynn Margulis

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33
Q

another support for endosymbiosis is method of reproduction:

A

binary fission

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34
Q

(evolution) compartmentalization- some cells begin to get … and more complex systems of … This produces isolated pockets that can house separate …. Thus, cells can do multiple … without cross …

A

infoldings; membranes; chemical reactions; reactions; interference

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35
Q

chloroplasts are a … organelle

A

photosynthetic

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36
Q

the chloroplast is a double-membraned structure that utilizes a concentration gradient and compartmentalization to maximize its production of the energy storage molecule …
… to store that molecule

A

glucose; storage vacuoles

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37
Q

CO2 fixation refers to CO2 as a … fixed into a …

A

gas; solid form

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38
Q

G3P is an … of the calvin cycle

A

intermediate product

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39
Q

an important feature of plants is their ability to grow toward sunlight. this is called …. it ensures that the plant will optimize the amount of sunlight it can gather

A

phototropism

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40
Q

phototropism works because the tip of the plant produces …, a hormone that controls the … of cell growth in plant cells. This hormone runs down the …

A

auxin; length; stem

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41
Q

when light is directly overhead, an equal amount of hormone travels down each side of the stem, making the cells grow … When the light is on one side of the plant, more hormone travels down the … side of the plant, making these cells grow … and the plant grow towards the light
transient –> … can change over time

A

evenly; dark; faster; leaning

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42
Q

auxin naturally migrates … from light, causing a … The further from the light, the more auxin and more auxin = more …

A

away; concentration gradient; elongation

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43
Q

(auxin) 1- the hormone binds to an auxin …
2- this signal is transduced into … within the cell
3- … are activated, and secretion of … loosens the wall, enabling the cell to …
affected genes are the ones that activate …

A

receptor; second messengers; proton pumps; acid; elongate; H+ pumps

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44
Q

(auxin) 4- the golgi apparatus is stimulated to discharge vesicles containing materials to maintain the … of the cell wall

A

thickness

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45
Q

(auxin) 5- the signal-transduction pathway also activates DNA-binding proteins that induce transcription of specific …
6- this leads to the production of proteins required for sustaining the … of the cell –> to maintain … growth pattern

A

genes; growth; upward

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46
Q

(auxin) apical dominance results from the release of auxin by the … which inhibits the growth from the …
To make a plant bushier, you remove the … bud, which then allows for growth from the … buds. This is because the bud is removed, which means the hormone suppressing the growth is also removed. This is also why … makes fruit trees produce more fruit

A

terminal bud; lateral buds; terminal; lateral; pruning

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47
Q

gibberellin:
like auxin it promotes …, and it acts as a chemical messenger to stimulate the synthesis of …, which use water to break down …

A

cell elongation; hydrolytic enzymes; polymers

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48
Q

gibberellin:

hydrolytic enzymes are important in the … of … to ensure the release of …

A

germination; seedlings; nutrients

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49
Q

gibberellin:
those nutrients feed the seedling’s early … this chemical hormone is sometimes used by the farming industry to promote growth.
germination: when they start to produce … and …
when a plant starts growing, it gets sugar from the … and doesn’t …

A

development; shoots; roots; seed; photosynthesize

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50
Q

cytokinins: stimulate .., which allows for …, and … in plants; usually coupled with auxin

A

cell division; growth; differentiation

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51
Q

cytokinins slow the process in which … breaks down and various molecules and minerals are removed from … before they fall.
protein synthesis stops when leaves are picked, but if they are treated with cytokinin, they remain …, … continues, and … do not break down

A

chlorophyll; leaves; green; protein synthesis; carbs

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52
Q

loss of leaves:

A

abscission

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53
Q

chemisynthesis became

A

photosynthesis

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54
Q

Just as ATP cannot be used for storing energy, glucose is not usable as … Glucose must be converted back into … before it can be used to do work. Energy is stored in …

A

energy; ATP; glucose bonds

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55
Q

building glucose is an … process that builds single carbon atoms into a 6-C molecule by building chemical bonds using …
The breakdown is exactly the opposite, or … A six carbon molecule is broken into individual carbon atoms and energy is … from broken chemical bonds
net gain of … ATP

A

anabolic; catabolic; released; 18

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56
Q

the earliest form of glucose breakdown is a catabolic reaction known as … –> stage 1
takes place in … of cells

A

glycolysis; cytoplasm

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57
Q

glycolysis forms 2 …, or … with H

A

pyruvates; pyruvic acid

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58
Q

glycolysis requires an … molecule known as …. These types of molecules pull … from other molecules. Once it takes on the electrons from glucose it becomes …

A

oxidative; NAD+; electrons; NADH

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59
Q

NAD+: … molecule

A

electron carrier

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60
Q

glycolysis releases … that can be used to phosphorylate … into … In total, only … are released from a glucose molecule. Not very efficient when you consider it took … ATP and many … to make the glucose molecule

A

energy; ADP; ATP; 2 ATP; 18; electrons

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61
Q

another problem with glycolysis, is that you will eventually use up the … because all the local molecules are being converted to …, slowing the process

A

NAD+; NADH

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62
Q

evolution’s answer to this problem was a process capable of regenerating NAD+, called …
This process does not produce …

A

fermentation; energy

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63
Q

fermentation breaks down the products of glycolysis so that glycolysis can be repeated with another glucose molecule. These two processes, glycolysis and fermentation, are …, requiring no …

A

anaerobic; oxygen

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64
Q

in glycolysis, 1 glucose molecule had yielded …, …, and …. That is the input to the … stage of anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATPs; 2 pyruvates; 2 NADHs; fermentation

65
Q

the pyruvates and NADHs are fermented into … and either …. or …..

A

2NAD+; lactic acid; CO2 & Ethanol

66
Q

lactic acid is a … carbon molecule and is a …

lactic acid fermentation occurs in …

A

3; waste product; muscle cells

67
Q

ethanol is a .. carbon molecule

A

2

68
Q

the overall result of anaerobic respiration:
the input is … + …. molecules
the output is … molecules (for a net gain of …)
In addition,
lactic acid fermentation results in ….
ethanol fermentation results in … and …

A

1 glucose; 2 ATP; 4 ATP; 2 ATPs; lactic acid; ethanol; CO2

69
Q

as life began to use photosynthesis as the primary means of capturing light energy, the by-product … began to build up on planet Earth. Over billions of years, the early atmosphere was transformed into an …-rich environment. This phenomenon made the next step in the evolution of glucose breakdown possible
shift from … to …

A

oxygen; chemiosmosis; photosynthesis

70
Q

oxygen is highly …, which means it attracts … and pulls them from other molecules. this is an … process.

A

electronegative; electrons; oxidative

71
Q

when oxygen takes on new electrons it is …, this refers to its drop in charge

A

reduced

72
Q

Redox notes that one molecule must be … in order to … another. It is essentially the … of an ….

A

reduced; oxidize; transfer; electron

73
Q

substance that is oxidized is the … agent.

substance that is reduced is the … agent

A

reducing; oxidizing

74
Q

in photosynthesis, … is reduced into … and … is oxidized into

A

CO2; glucose; water; oxygen gas

75
Q

… is the reducing agent in photosynthesis because it donates an electron, whereas …. is the oxidizing agent because it accepts an electron

A

h2o; co2

76
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) equation:

A

glucose + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

77
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) energy in cell. resp. equation is in 2 forms:
… for use in … reactions and … released as …

A

36 ATP; coupled; heat; energy

78
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) stages of aerobic cell. resp:
1- …: the splitting of … into …. molecules in the … of a cell
2- ….
3- the … (…)- the stripping of … from the pieces of the … molecule in the ….
4- …- using the electrons to set up a … and energize the formation of … in the …

A

glycolysis; glucose; 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate); cytoplasm; pyruvate decarboxylation; citric acid cycle; Krebs cycle; electrons; glucose; mitochondria; oxidative phosphorylation; concentration gradient; ATP; mitochondria

79
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) internal membrane of mitochondria: …
internal cytoplasm of mitochondria: …
space between internal membrane and outer membrane: …

A

cristae; matrix; intermembrane space

80
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) net number of molecules present after glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule: … ATP, … CO2, … NADH

A

2; 0; 2

81
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) granules in mitochondria are like …, and they … stuff

A

vacuoles; store

82
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) mitochondria specialized in the breakdown of glucose into ATP, or cellular respiration. they represent the state of the art in glucose breakdown in biological machinery. They are extremely efficient, producing about … per glucose molecule by using the … power of …

A

36 ATPs; oxidizing; oxygen

83
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) pyruvate will be broken down further in the citric acid cycle. First, the two pyruvate molecules must enter the … In the process of transport, a … is stripped from each of the pyruvate molecules and leaves the system as ….
…. is combined with the remainder of the pyruvate molecules

A

mitochondria; carbon atom; carbon dioxide; Co-Enzyme A

84
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) the modified pyruvate molecules change into a molecule called …., and … more molecules of … are produced. this process is known as .., and it occurs with the help of …

A

acetyl CoA; 2; NADH; decarboxylation; pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

85
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) … is required in pyruvate decarboxylation
acetyl means it has …

A

atp; 2 carbons

86
Q

how many of each of the following molecules are produced from glycolysis and the uptake of pyruvate into the mitochondria per glucose?
… ATP, … CO2, … NADH

A

2; 2; 4

87
Q

the citric acid cycle, sometimes called the krebs cycle, takes place within the …. It is the cycle that finishes the complete … (or ….) of the glucose molecule. It is a … pathway made up of … steps and produces …, …, …, and another electron transport molecule called …

A

mitochondrial matrix; breakdown; decarboxylation; metabolic; 8; CO2; ATP; NADH; FADH2

88
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) 1 cycle of the citric acid cycle processes ….
to account for one glucose molecule, … cycles are needed

A

one Acetyl CO-A molecule; 2

89
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) in one turn of the citric acid cycle, the following are produced:
… ATP, … NADH, … FADH2, … CO2

A

1; 3; 1; 2

90
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) how many f each of the following molecules in total are produced from the process of glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylase process, and the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule?
… atp, .. co2, … nadh, … fadh2

A

4; 6; 10; 2

91
Q

nadh and fadh2 are used to make the bulk of the atp produced by aerobic cellular respiration in the last step. they have been harvesting …, reduced, as the glucose molecule has broken down through the previous processes. they will now shuttle those off to be used in … where they will offload them, becoming …

A

electrons; oxidative phosphorylation; oxidized

92
Q

NADH is the reduced version of … It carries enough energy to produce …
FADH2 is the reduced version of … It carries enough energy to produce …
… has more energy possibility than ….

A

NAD+; 3 ATP molecules; FAD; 2 ATP; NADH; FADH2

93
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) oxidative phosphorylation is the final process of aerobic cellular respiration. the energy from the electrons harvested from the previous steps is used to set up a … across the … of the mitochondria. then this is used to power the production of …

A

proton gradient; inner membrane; 32 ATP molecules

94
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) in oxidative phosphorylation, … is pumped into …. then go through …

A

H+; intermembrane space; ATP synthase

95
Q

(aerobic cellular respiration) oxidative phosphorylation takes place in 2 steps:

  1. … - uses the energy in the electrons to … transport …
  2. …- … pass through a passive transport molecule that is also an enzyme called … with their gradient
A

electron transport chain; actively; protons against their gradient; chemiosmosis; protons; atp synthase

96
Q

how many of each of the following molecules are present after the complete breakdown of a glucose in aerobic respiration?
… ATP, … CO2, … NADH, … FADH2

A

36; 6; 0; 0

97
Q

unlike plants, which undergo cellular respiration utilizing the products of their own chloroplasts, animals must obtain oxygen and glucose from their …

A

environment

98
Q

the function of the respiratory system is to exchange … and … in an organism for the purpose of maintaining …

A

oxygen; carbon dioxide; cellular respiration

99
Q

the part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment is called the … (e.g. gills, lungs)

A

respiratory surface

100
Q

respiratory surfaces must be … in order to function properly because gases are … before diffusing across these surfaces

A

moist; dissolved in water

101
Q

some animals, such as earthworms, use their entire … as a respiratory organ

A

outer skin

102
Q

other animals have body parts that are adapted for respiration because their skin surfaces are not … enough to provide … for the entire body. Examples of these include gills in fish, and lungs in mammals

A

extensive; gas exchange

103
Q

lungs are made of tiny sacs called … These are filled with … and … that drop off … and retrieve … to disperse through the organism. In mammals, the rate at which lungs exchange gases with the environment is controlled primarily by …

A

alveoli; arteries; veins; carbon dioxide; oxygen; pH

104
Q

lungs must produce …, … fluid, otherwise sacs will … and the lungs will …

A

viscous; mucousy; attach; collapse

105
Q

…. allows baby to breathe air and initiates contractions

A

surfactant

106
Q

as CO2 builds in the blood, the blood becomes more ….. The brain responds to this stimuli by quickening … to … this gas

A

acidic; alveoli contractions; expel

107
Q

alveoli are … and usually …

A

thin; empty

108
Q

hemoglobin changes … based on acidity

A

affinity

109
Q

in animals with multiple cell layers, a … is necessary to absorb the … and … from the respiratory and digestive systems, and deliver these reactants to cells throughout the body. In exchange, waste molecules, such as …, are picked up and carried away from the cells for …

A

circulatory system; oxygen; glucose; CO2; excretion

110
Q

3 components to a circulatory system:

  1. a set of …. (…)
  2. a … to fill the … (… or ….)
  3. a … to move the … throughout the body (…)
A

interconnecting tubes; vessels; fluid; tubes; blood; hemolymph; pump; fluid; heart

111
Q

hemolymph: … + …

A

blood; interstitial fluid

112
Q

2 types of circulatory systems: … systems and … systems

A

open; closed

113
Q

open circulatory systems are found in …. (such as … or …) and most … (such as a … or …)

A

arthropods; grasshopper; lobster; mollusks; clam; oyster

114
Q

the heart in open systems pumps the circulatory fluid, called …, directly into the … between the …. There is no distinction between … fluid and … fluid

A

hemolymph; spaces; organs; circulatory; interstitial

115
Q

Relaxation of the heart draws the hemolymph back through … for …

A

pores; waste excretion

116
Q

in a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to … and is distinct from the … These systems are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to … and ….

A

vessels; interstitial fluid; tissues; cells

117
Q

there are three types of vessels in a closed circulatory system: …, …, and …

A

arteries; veins; capillaries

118
Q

in a closed circulatory system, you can control where … rich blood and … rich blood are located

A

nutrient; waste

119
Q

arteries: carry blood … the heart to other .. and … of the body

A

away from; organs; tissues

120
Q

veins: … blood to the ..

A

return; heart

121
Q

capillaries: microscopic blood … that infiltrate each … in the body and diffuse … to the cells; these are important for …

A

vessels; tissue; nutrients; exchange

122
Q

blood consists of several kinds of cells and cell products suspended in a liquid matrix called …. The cellular elements make up about …% of the total volume of blood

A

plasma; 45

123
Q

there are two types of cells suspended in blood plasma:

… (.. blood cells) which transport … and … (… blood cells) which function in …/…

A

erythrocytes; red; oxygen; leukocytes; white; defense; immunity

124
Q

a third cellular element, …., are not really true cells but are actually … of … cells. They are involved in the normal … of blood

A

platelets; fragments; larger; clotting process

125
Q

the heart is a muscle for pumping … through the vessels

A

circulatory fluid

126
Q

invertebrates, both those with open and closed systems, typically have on or more … moving fluid. … also assists the flow of fluid through the system

A

tubular hearts; body movement

127
Q

vertebrates have … and … in their heart depending on their …

A

two; four; class

128
Q

the increase in chamber number is advantageous for separating … and … blood in the system

A

oxygenated; deoxygenated

129
Q

fish have a …-chambered heart consisting of … and …

A

2; one ventricle; one atrium

130
Q

in fish, blood moves from the … into the … where it is pumped to the … for … Thus, oxygenated blood moves through the body with very ….

A

atrium; ventricle; gills; oxygenation; low pressure

131
Q

since blood is of lower pressure in fish, they must use … to breathe, and … assists the movement of fluid through the system

A

muscular contractions; swimming

132
Q

heart pumps … blood

A

deoxygenated

133
Q

amphibians have …-chambered hearts: … and ….

A

3; two atria; one ventricle

134
Q

(amphibians) This creates a … circulation, blood leaving the … moves through the lungs before returning to the … to be pumped to the …

A

double loop; ventricle; heart; body

135
Q

adding a chamber leads to higher … which allows for …

A

blood pressure; life on earth

136
Q

with a 2-chambered heart, though, blood isn’t fully

A

unmixed

137
Q

reptiles have a …-chambered heart, similar to … except the ventricle is …. Crocodilians have a completely …

A

3; amphibians; partially divided; divided ventricle

138
Q

Mammals and birds have a …-chambered hearts (… and ….).

A

4; two atria; two ventricles

139
Q

(Mammals) blood from the body enters the … of the heart where it is pumped through the … to the … Blood returns to the … and … to be pumped to the body systems

A

right atrium; right ventricle; lung; left ventricle; left atrium

140
Q

living systems require …. and … to maintain order, grow and reproduce

A

free energy; matter

141
Q

… capture free energy through photosynthesis; cellular respiration and fermentation harvest free energy from … to produce …, including … The free energy available in … drives … in cells.
Photosynthesis and respiration are … processes

A

autotrophic cells; sugars; free energy carriers; ATP; sugars; metabolic pathways; interdependent

142
Q

gathering or managing energy is the first consideration for any species because without efficient … all other metabolic processes will …For this reason most specializations of biological systems are the result of … to gather energy

A

bioenergetics; fail; adaptations

143
Q

all organisms must maximize efficiency in the getting and using of food for energy. However, each species achieves this with a different…

A

energy strategy

144
Q

There are 2 factors that contribute to the bioenergetics of any species:
… - which variations became available to the species
…- which adaptations were effective in the …

A

adaptations; environment; environment

145
Q

one of the major differences between animals is the overall strategy of being …, …, or …, …

A

endothermic; warm blooded; ectothermic; cold blooded

146
Q

(ectotherms) ectotherms are “…” animals. most animals fit into this category. most of their heat energy escapes into the … so their body temperature is close to that of their …

A

cold-blooded; environment; surroundings

147
Q

(ectotherms) activity of these animals is drastically affected by … in their environment

A

temperature changes

148
Q

(ectotherms) when outside temperatures rise, they become … active. When external temperatures drop, they become more … in their activity

A

more; sluggish

149
Q

(ectotherms) When an animal is cold the chemcial reactions that drive metabolic pathways … considerably. This means when they are cold they cannot move … Cold blood animals must rely on environmental factors to supply … or have a … period before they can move at a faster speed. When they are cold they are more … to … because they cannot … quickly to get away

A

slow down; quickly; heat; warm up period; vulnerable; predators; react

150
Q

(ectotherms) since these animals do not have to maintain a high body temperature they can minimize the amount of … necessary for … and … This means they require less … and can expend even less … because they minimize the need to … for …

A

cellular respiration; generating heat; staying alive; food; energy; hunt; food

151
Q

(endotherms) endotherms are the “…” animals, such as mammals and birds. These animals have evolved homeostatic mechanisms that allow them to use the heat they generate. They have adaptations such as …, …, …, and … that help prevent … They maintain constant … that are higher than their environment.

A

warm blooded; fur; hair; feathers; fat; heat loss; body temperatures

152
Q

(endotherms) warm blooded animals burn far more … than ectotherms of the same … This means they must … and constantly find new … to stay alive

A

calories; mass; hunt; food sources

153
Q

(endotherms) warm blooded animals never need to … at a moment’s notice they can be at … which means they are prepared to … or … from predators all the time

A

warm up; maximum metabolism; hunt; run

154
Q

(endotherms) the uniform temperatures of the seas suggest that endothermy did not evolve until … was invaded by the early … ancestors of birds and mammals

A

dry land; reptilian

155
Q

(endotherms) the major source of heat for endotherms is the large … covering their entire body

A

muscle mass

156
Q

(endotherms) muscle contracts may account for more than …% of the total heat produced. … is a bodily function in response to early hypothermia in warm-blooded animals

A

80; shivering

157
Q

(endotherms) when the core body temperature drops, the … is triggered to maintain homeostasis. Muscle groups around the vital organs begin to … in small … in an attempt to create … by expending energy

A

shivering reflex; shake; movements; warmth

158
Q

(endotherms) on a specific basis (per gram of body weight) … animals produce more heat than … This … relationship between body size and metabolic rate is universal and is demonstrated by both endotherms and ectotherms

A

smaller; larger; inverse

AP Bio (32 decks)

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